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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
i fi, 2D es Sh

ARRANGEMENT

OF THE

FAMILIES OF MAMMALS.

WITH ANALYTICAL TABLES.

PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

BY
THEODORE GILL, M.D., Ph.D.

WASHINGTON:
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
NOVEMBER, 1872.

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ADVERTISEMENT.

Tue following list of families of Mammals, with analytical tables, has
been prepared by Dr. THEODORE GILL, at the request of the Smithsonian
Institution, to serve as a basis for the arrangement of the collection of
Mammals in the National Museum; and as frequent applications for such
a list have been received by the Institution, it has been thought advisable
to publish it for more extended use. In provisionally adopting this
system for the purpose mentioned, the Institution, in accordance with its
custom, disclaims all responsibility for any of the hypothetical views upon
which it may be based.

JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary, S. I.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Wasuineton, October, 1872.

( iii )

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CONTENTS.

I. List or FAmiiies* (including references to synoptical tables) . : : 1-27

Sub-Class (Eutheria) Placentalia s. Monodelphia Sonne 1, 45, 46

Super-Order Educabilia (1-73) ° 1, 45, 46

Order 1. Primates (1-8) : aT; “SO

Sub-Order Anthropoidea (1-5) 1, 50, bis

e Prosimie (6-8) 2, 50, 54

Order 2. Fere (9-27) . - 3, 47, 56

Sub-Order Fissipedia (9-24) 3, 56, bis

a Pinnipedia (25-27) ty S650 68

Order 3. Ungulata (28-54) 8, 47, 70

Sub-Order Artiodactyli (28-45) 8.) 70, 71

ss Perissodactyli (46-54) If, 11,84

Order 4. Toxodontia (55-56) . 13, 48, 89

Order 5. Hyracoidea (57) 13, 48, 8&9

Order 6. Proboscidea (58-59) 13, 48, 89
Diverging (Educabilian) series.

Order 7. Sirenia (60-63) 13, 48, 91

Order 8. Cete (64-73) : 14, 49; 92

Sub-Order Zeuglodontia (64-65) 14, 92, 93

as Denticete (66-71)

r—4
ee
ite)
bo
ee)
vo

« Mysticete (72-73) ie Ja. Oe

Super-Order Ineducabilia (74-121) 16, 49

Order 9. Chiroptera (74-82) 16, 49
Sub-Order Animalivora (74-81) 16
“« _. Frugivora (82) : 18

Order 10. Insectivora (83-92) : - : 18, 49
Sub-Order Dermoptera (83) . 18
= Insectivora Vera (84-92) 18

Order 11. Glires (93-112) ‘ 20, 50
Sub-Order Simplicidentati (93- -110) 20
si Duplicidentati (111-112) 23

Order 12. Bruta (113-121) : 23, 50
Sub-Order Vermilinguia (113) 23
Squamata (114) 23

* The numbers inclosed within parentheses refer to the families.

<{
—

vi

Sub-Order Fodientia (115)
Tardigrada (116-117)
a Loricata (118-120) .
Bruta incertz sedis (121)
Sub-Class (Eutheria) Didelphia (122-134) . °
Order 13. Marsupialia (122-134) . :
Sub-Order Rhizophaga (122)
Syndactyli (123-129)
c Dasyuromorphia (130-131)
n Didelphimorphia (132) ‘
Marsupialia incertz sedis (133-134)
Sub-Class (Prototheria) Ornithodelphia (135-136)
Order Monotremata (135-136)
Sub-Order Tachyglossa (135)
Fe Platypoda (136)

Il. List or AUTHORS REFERRED TO : 5 js 2

III. Synoptican TABLES OF CHARACTER OF THE SUBDIVISIONS OF MAMMALS, WITH A

CATALOGUE OF THE GENERA ° . . ‘

46

31-41

43-98

ae A Co Be

OF

FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES

j Va im Bi OG) sae ee Boca YY ey ee ee

The present portion of the “ Arrangement of the Families of Mammals”
is issued in advance of the entire work. The completion is delayed on
account of the inability of the author to consult certain works and exam-
ine the skeletons of several forms, but the remainder will be issued as
soon as it can be prepared. Most of the pages now published have been

stereotyped for more than a year, as will be seen from the dates at the

bottom of the signatures.

Sup-Orprer ANTHROPOIDEA.
(Bimana.)
1. Hominidae == Anthropini; Huxl, MT. & G.,
1864, i, 153.
(Simeae.)
(Stmtae catarrhinae.) |
2. Simiidae <= Anthropoimorpha, Hus, M.
oe G. 1864, 1, oe.

July,1871. l

vi

Sub-Order Fodientia (115)
FA Tardigrada (116-117)
ce Loricata (118-120) .
Bruta incertz sedis (121)
Sub-Class (Eutheria) Didelphia (122-134) .
Order 13. Marsupialia (122-134)
Sub-Order Rhizophaga (122)
“ Syndactyli (123-129)
¢ Dasyuromorphia (130-131)
Didelphimorphia (132)
Marsupialia incertz sedis (133-134)

46

ie AN I CoE eee

OF

FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES
OF MAMMALS.

[Adopted provisionally by the Smithsonian Institution.]

W. B.—The Fossil Families are indicated by Italics.

Ciass AA—MAMMALIA.
SuB-CLass PLACENTALIA.
SupER-Orper EDUCABILIA.

(GYRENCEPHALA == MEGASTHENA + ARCHENCEPHALA —=
ARCHONTIA.)

(PRIMATE SERIES.)
~ Orver I —PRIMATES.
Sup-Orprer ANTHROPOIDEA.
(Bimana.)
1. Hominidae = Anthropini, Huxl., M. T. & G.,
1864, i, 153.
(Simiae.)
(Simiae catarrhinae.) |
2. Simiidae = Anthropomorpha, Hus, M.
T. & G. 1864, 1, 648.

July, 1871. 1

Or

6.

2

a. Simiinae — Simina, Gray, M., L., &
Fr.-eat. B., 6.

b. Hylobatinae — Hylobatina, Gray, M., L.,
& Fr.-eat. B., 9.

. Cynopithecidae == Cynopithecini, Huxl., M. T.

& G., 1864, i, 671.
a. Semnopithecinae = Sub-Family II, Mart., Man
and Monkeys, 445.
b. Cynopithecinae = Sub-Family III, Mart., Man
and Monkeys, 508.
(Stmiae platyrhinae.)

. Cebidae == Platyrhini, Huxl., M. T. & G..,
1864, 11, 93.
a. Mycetinae —— Mycetinac, My. FP. Z. 3:
1865, 547.
b. Cebinae = Cebinae, Miv., P. Z. 8,

1865, 547.
c. Nyctipithecinae = Nyctipithecinae, Miv., P.
Z. 8., 1865, 547.

d. Pitheciinae == Pitheciinae, Miv., P. Z.5.,
1865, 547.
. Mididae == Arctopithecim, Huxl.,.M. T-

, & G., 1864, 11, 124.
SuB-OrDER PROSIMIAR.
(Lemurordea.)
Lemuridae © = Lemuridae, Geoff., Cat. Pri-
mates, 66.

3

a. Indrisinae = Indrisinae, Miv., P. Z. &.,
1866, 151.

b. Lemurinae _ == Lemurinae, Miv., P. Z. 8.
L867; 966,

c. Nycticebinae = Nycticebinae, Miv., P. Z.

S., 1864, 643.

d. Galagininae = Galagininae, Miv., P. Z.5.,
1864, 645.

7. Tarsiidae == Tarsidae, Geoff., Cat. Pri-
| mates, 83.

(Daubentonioidea.)
8. Daubentoniidae = Cheiromyidae, Geoff., Cat.
Primates, 85.
(FERAL SERIES.)
Orver II.—FERA.

SuB-ORDER FISSIPEDIA. |

(Aeluroidea.)

(Aeluroidea typica.)

9. Felidae = Felidae, Fly P. 2.954) F869,
b-18.
a. Felinae == Felidae, § 1, Gray, P. Z.5.,
1867, 261.
b. Guepardinae =— Felidae, $2; Gray; P) Z: &.,

1867, 277.

10.

Lie

13.

4

c. Machaerodontinae > Felinac, Burm., A. M. P. B.

—A. 1, 122-138.
Cryptoproctidae = Cryptoproctidae, Fl. P. Z.
Saabeoo.. 22.
(Aeluroidea hyaeniformia.)
Protelidae = Protelidae, FI, P. Z. &.,
1869, 27, 474.
. Hyaenidae - —Fyaentdac, Fl, os 17: Ss,
1869, 26.
(Aeluroidea viverriforinia.)
Viverridae == Viverridae, FL, P: Z. S.,
lex sis al hice
a. Viverrinae Viverrina, feck O.P.&
Genettina, | H.M.,46,49.
b. Prionodontinae = Prionodontina, Gray, C.
P. & EK. M., 52.
c. Galidiinae — Galidiina, Gray, C. P. &
K. M., 55.
d. Hemigalinae = Hemigalina, Gray, C. P. &
K. M., 56.
e. Arctictidinae = Arctictidina, Gray, C. P.
& H. M., 57.
f. Parodoxurinae = Paradoxurina, Gray, C. P.
& Hi. M., 59.
g. Cynogalinae == Cynogalina, Gray, P. Z. 8.,

1867,521.== Cynogalidae.

5

h. Herpestinae = Herpestina, Gray, C.P.&K.
M.,144. (h-1< Herpestidae. )
i. Cynictidinae = Cynictidina, Gray, C. P.
& HK. M., 169.
j. Rhinogalinae = Rhinogalina, Gray,C.P.&H.
| M.,172.j-k<Rhinogalidae.
k. Crossarchinae < Crossarchina, Gray, ©. P.
& HK. M., 176.
14. Eupleridae — Kupleréens, Doy., A.5.N.,

Qe s., iv, 1835, Z., 281.

( Cynoidea. )

15. Canidae == anidae, .Kl., P. 4. Se) BS6e:
23.
a. Caninae = Canidae, Gray, C. P. & HE. M.,
EES.
b. Megalotinae = Megalotidae, Gray, C. P. &
| KE. M., 210.
(Arctotdea. )

(Arctoidea musteliformia.)

16. Mustelidae = Mustelidae, FI., P. Z.8., 1869,
11-14.
a. Mustelinae = Mustelina, Gray, C. P. &
K. M., 81.
b. Melinae = Melina, Gray, C. P.& HE. M.,

122. (b-f < Melinidae.)

We

is:

19.

20.

6

c. Mellivorinae = Mellivorina, Gray, C. P. &
BH. M., di.

d. Mephitinae = Mephitina, Gray, C. P. &
HK. M., 1383.

e. Zorillinae == /orilina, Gray, C. P. & Hi.
Moa oo:

f. Helictidinae == Helictidina, Gray, C. P. &
HK. M., 141.

o, Lutrinae = Lutrina, Gray,C.P.& E. M.
100. (g-h < Mustelidae.)

h. Enhydrinae = Enhydrina, Gray, C. P. &
KH. M., 118.

(Arctoidea typica.)

Ursidae == wrsidae, Fh Pie7anoy Peo,
| 6-9.
(Arctoidea procyoniformid.)

Aeluridae == Ailuridae, Flo Paz oc. 13809,
aly 3G)

Cercoleptidae > Procyonidie hie. oi. ©.,
1369, "9; 2.

Procyonidae >vyerocyonidac, l/r. S.
S69. Uee2:

a. Nasuinae = Nasuidae, Gray, C. P. & H.
Moe:

b. Procyoninae = Procyonidae, Gray. C. P. &

E. M., 242.

ri

21. Bassarididae —= Bassaridae, Gray, C. P. & H.
M., 245.
(Lissipedia sedis incertae.)
22. Simocyonidae = kamille aujour@hut étetnte,
Gaudry, (820), 37.
23. Arctocyonidae, < Arctocyoninae, Giebel, Siuge-
thiere, 755.
?
24. Hyaenodontidae == Hyaenodontidae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 38.
( 3 g )
SuB-Orper PINNIPEDIA.
(Phocoidea.)
25. Otaridae = Otariadae, Allen, B. M. C. Z.,
ib; Gill, A.. N,v, 675.
26. Phocidae = Phocidae, Gill, C. EH. I., 1866,
od, 8.
a. Phocinae = Phocinae, Gill, C. E. I,
1866, 5.
b. Cystophorinae == Cystophorinae, Gill, C. E.
I., 1866, 6.
ce. Stenorhynchinae = Stenorhynchinae, Gill, C.
HE. L, bS6e, 6.

(Losmarotdea.)

8
27. Rosmaridae == Bosmaridae, Gill C.K. L,
1866, 7.
(UNGULATE SERIES.)
Orper II.—UNGULATA.
Susp-OrpER ARTIODACTYLI.
(Pecora s. Ruminantia.)
(Pecora ? edentata.)
27a. Chalicothertidae = Chalicothervum, Falc., Pal.
Mem., i, 190, 208, 523.
(Pecora tylopoda s. phalangigrada.)
28. Camelidae = Camélidés, Gerv., Mamm. ii.
223.
(Pecora unguligrada.)

(Pecora unguligrada typica.)

(Girafoidea.)
29. Giraffidae = Girafidés, Gerv. Mamm. ij,
‘210.
(Bootdea.)
(Booidea typica.)
30. Saigiidae ==} paigunae, Mar., P, Z. &.,
1870, 451.
ol. Bovidae = Bovidés, Gerv., Mamm. i,
LTA.
a. Bovinae ==(Bovina,(RutimesN? D)_ 8. G:

N., xxiii, 21.

9

b. Ovibovinae < Boveae, Gray, Mamm., iii,
sy

c. Antilopinae Antilopeae, tai M., iii,

Strepsicereae, | 45, 131.

d. Caprinae = Capreae, Gray, Mamm., 111,
142.

e. Ovinae = QOveae, Gray, Mamm., 111,
160.

32. Antilocapridae = Antilocapridae, Mur., P. Z.5.,

1870, 334. |

(Booidea cerviformia.)

do. Cervidae == Uervidae, Stl FP. 723., Fore.
114.
a. Cervinae == Vervilnde, cela bu yey ms
1870, 114.
b. Cervulinae == Cervulinae, Scl., P. Z. 8.,
1870) 115.
c. Moschinae =— Meseninac, cl. “P.22. p.,
BST 0:1 ko:

(Pecora unguligrada tragulotdea.)
o4. Tragulidae = Tragulidae, A. Milne Hdw., A.
5.N.., 5es., 1, Z., 1864, 157.
(Pecora unguligrada incertae sedis.)

ao. Sivatherridae = Sivatherium, Falc., Pal. Mem.,
1, 247.

ob.

Bi

oo.

ou.

40).

Al.

10

Helladotherviidae = Famille auourdhui eteinte,
Gaudry, A. F. Att. (821), 252.

(Pecora dentata.)

( Oreodontoidea. )

Oreodontidae.

a. Oreodontinae —= Oreodontidae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 71.
b. Agriochoertnae == Agrvochoeridae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 131.

( Anoplotheroidea. )
Anoplotheriidae == Anoplotheriidae, Leidy, Ext.

Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 206.
Dichobunidae = Moschidae § Dichobunina,
Turn, P. 7.1 849) 158,
(Omnivora.)
(Merycopotamoidea.)
Merycopotamidae = Merycopotamus, Falc., Pal.
Mem., 11, 407.
(Lhippopomatordea.)
Hippopotamidae — Hippopotamidae, Gray, C.
Pos eM, Sob:
a. Hippopotaminae = Hippopotamus, Falc., Pal.
Mem., i, 180.

b. Choeropsinae = Choeropsis, A. Milne Ed.,
R. H. N. M., 48.

11

(Settfera.)

(Setifera suiformia.)

42. Phacochoeridae = Phacochoeridae, Gray, B. M.,
oo2.

43. Suidae = Suidae, Gray, C. P. & HE. M.,
Olt.

(Setifera dicotyliformia.)
44. Dicotylidae = Dicotylidae, Gray, C. P. & EK.
M., 350.
(Anthracotheroidea. )

45. Anthracotheriidae < Hippopotamidae, Turn., P. Z.
S., 1849, 157.

a. Hyopotaminae < Anthracotheriidae, L’dy, Ex.

Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 202.

b. Anthracotheri- < <Anthracotheriidae, Lidy, Ex.

ine Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 202.

Sup-OrpER PERISSODACTYLI.
(Anchippodontoidea.)

45a. Anchippodoniidae == Trogosus, Leidy, P. A. N.
S., Phil., 1871, 114.

(Solidungula. )

46. Equidae — Hiquidae, Gray, C. P. & E. M.,
262.

47.

48.

49.

50.

oe

oz.

dd.

o4.

12

Anchithertidae = Anchitheridae, Leidy, Ext.
Mamm. Dak. & Neb., 302.
(Multungula. )
(Lhinocerotordea. ) :
(Lhinocerotoidea rhinocerotiformia.)
Rhinocerotidae = Rhinocerotidae, Gray, C. P. &

E. M.; 295.

(Lehinocerotoidea macrauchentiformia. )

Macraucheniidae == Macrauchenia, Burm., A. M.
B.-A., 1, 32, 1864.
Palaeotheriidae < Palaeothérioides, Pictet, Pa-
léont., 2e ed., 1, 809-313.
( Tapiroidea. )
Tapiridae —= Tapiridae, Gray, C. P. & HE.
M., 252.
Lophiodontidae < Tapiroides, Pictet, Paléont.,
2e ed. VoL,
(Pliolophoidea.)
Pliolophidae = Pliolophus, Owen, Pal.,
1860, 325.
(Perissodactylt 2 incertae sedis.)
Hlasmotheriidae Rhinocéroides, Pictet, Pa-

léont., Ze ed., 1, 294.

13

Orper IV.—TOXODONTIA.

55. Nesodontidae == Nesodon, Owen, Ph. T.,
tSa0) Zor.
56. Toxodontidae == Toxedon,,.“ Burm, A.M.

B.-A., 1, 254, 1864.
Orper V.—HYRACOIDEA.
57. Hyracidae == Hyracidae, Gray, C. P. & E:
1 Bi vi
Orper VI.—PROBOSCIDEA.
58. Elephantidae < Proboscideae, Falc., Pal.
Mem., 11, 1868.
Elephantinae = EHlephantidae, Gray, C. P. &

HK. M., 358:
Mastodontinae = Mastodontidae, Gray, C. P. &
De Mn S50.
59. Dinotheriidae = [Dinothériides,| Gaudry, An.

F. Att., 321, 162.

MUTILATE SERIES.
Orper VIL—SIRENIA.
(Halicoroidea.)

60. Halithervidae <. Halicorida, Brandt, Symb.
siren., u, (Ff. 3,) 344.

61. Halicoridae < Halicorida, Brandt, Symb.
Siren., li, (f. 3,) 344.
62. Rhytinidae < Halicorida, Brandt, Symb.
Siren., ii, (f. 3,) 344.
(Manatoidea.)
63. Trichechidae = Manatida, Brandt, Symb.
siren., Ui, (@::3,) 343.
Orper VII.—CETE.
Sus-OrDER ZEUGLODONTES.
64. Basilosauridae < Zeuglodontes, VanBen., Mém.
Ac. R. Belg., xxxv, 1865.
65. Cynorcidae = Cynorcidae, Cope, P. A. N.5S.,
1867, 144.
SuB-Orpser Denticers.
(Delphinoidea. )
(Delphinoidea platanistiformia.)
66. Platanistidae < Platanistidae, F'l., Trans. Zool.
; Soc., vi, 113, 1867.
67. Iniudae < Platanistidae, fFI., Trans.
Zool. Soc., vi, 114, 1867.
(Delphinoidea typica.)
68. Delphinidae > Delphinidae, FI., Trans. Zool.

14

Soc., vi, 113, 1867.

69.

70.

71.

15

a. Pontoporiinae = Pontoporiinae, Gill, C. E. 1,
Vigrl Ze VST Th.

b. Delphinapterinae = Beluginae, FI., Trans. Zool.
DOC vie FEO. Par.

ce. Delphininae < Delphininae, Fl., Trans.
AOL DOG: VIO PPS STS.

d. Globiocephalinae < Delphininae, FI., Trans.
Zool. Soc., vi, LLO 1867.

(Delphinoidea ziphirformia.)

Ziphiidae —= Ziphioides, Fisch, N. A. M. H.
IN. Ee. i, 40, ES67.

a. Ziphiinae == Ziphunde, Gib ©. sisi,
124, 1871.

b. Anarnacinae == Anarnacinae, Gill, C. EH. L,
vi, 124, 1871.

(Physeteroidea. )

Physeteridae == Physeteridae, Guill, A. N., iv,
(21, LS b.

a. Physeterinae == Physeterinae, Gill, A. N.,
bettas, (ol

b. Kogiinae = Kogiinae, Gill, A. N., iv,
732, 1871.

(Denticete incertae sedis.)
Rhabdosteidae = Rhabdosterdae, Gill, C. H. L,

vi, 123, 1871.

16
Sup-OrprER MystiIcets.

72. Balaenopteridae = Balaenopteridae, Fl., Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1864, 291.

a. Agaphelinae == Agaphelinae, Gill, C. E. L,
vi, 124, 1871.
b. Megapterinae = Megapterinae, Fl., Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1864, 391.
c. Balaenopterinae = Balaenopterinae, FI., Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1864, 391.
73. Balaenidae = Balaenidae, FI., Proc. Zool.

Soc., 1864, 389.

Super-Orper INEDUCABILIA.
(LissENCEPHALA Owen—MIcROsTHENA Dana.)
(INsEcTIVOROUS SERIES.)

Orper 1V.—CHIROPTERA.

Susp-OrprER ANIMALIVORA.

(Heematophilina.)

74. Desmodidae —= Haematophilini, Huxl., P. Z.
§. L., 1865, 386.

(Histiophora.)
75. Phyllostomidae > Phyllostomidae, Gray, P. Z.
pela. 1S66,) aL.
76. Mormopidae = Mormopes, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 83.

17
77. Rhinolophidae < Rhinolophidae, Gray, P. Z.
me Le6G. 61.
78. Megadermidae < Megadermata, Pet., M. P. A.
W. Berlin, 1865, 256.
a. Vampyrinae == Vampiri, Petij~MoPoiA. W-
Berlin, 1865, 508.
b. Glossophaginae = Glossophagae, Pet., M. P.
A. W. Berlin, 1868, 361.
c. Stenoderminae = Stenodermata, Pet., M.P. A.
W. Berlin, 1865, 356, 524.

(Gymnorhina.)

79. Vespertilionidae = Vespertiliones, Pet., M. P. A.
W. Berlin, 1865, 258, 524.

a. Vespertilioninae — Vespertilioniens,Gerv., An.
Am.S.Cast.—Mamm.,74.

b. Nycticejinae © = Nycticéins, Gerv., Mamm.,
74.
80. Molossidae == Molossi, Pet., M. P. A. W.
Berlin, 1865, 573.
81. Noctilionidae == Brachyura, Pet., M. P. A. W.
Berlin, 1865, 257.
a. Noctilioninae = Noctilionins,Gerv., An. Am.
S. Cast.—Mamm., 52.
b. Emballonurinae = Noctilionins,Gerv., An. Am.

5. Cast—Mamm., 62.

July, 1871.

83.

84.

86.

18

c. Furlinae == Furia, Gerv., An. ‘Am. S.
Cast.—Mamm., 69.

Sus-Orper EF RuGIVORA.

. Pteropodidae == Prerop!, Pet.: M...P:-A, W.

Berlin 567,320, 861.
Orper VI.—INSECTIVORA.
Sus-Orper DERMOPTERA.
Galeopithecidae == Galeopithecidae, Miv., J. A. &

Pu, 1666.124-
Sus-OrprER INSECTIVORA VERA.

(Sorecordea. )

Talpidae = Talpidae, Miv., J. A. & P., ii,
1868, 150.

a. Talpinae —— lalping, NMiv., J: A. «be
ui, 1868, 151, |

b. Myogalinae = Myogalina, Miv., J. A. &
Bev, Leos. on:

. Soricidae = Soricidae, Miv., J. A. & P., ii,
1868, 153.
(Hrinaceotdea.)

Krinaceidae = Erinaceidae, Miv., J. A.& P.,
il, 1868, 146.

a. Krinaceinae — Hérissons, Gerv., H. N.

Mamm., i, 229.

87.

88.

89.

90.

Gils

19

b. Gymnurinae = Gymnures, Gerv., H. N.
| Mamm., 1, 231.

( Centetoidea. )

Centetidae == Centetidae, Miv. J] 45a-P
ii, 1868, 147.

a. Centetinae =— hanrees, .Gery,..: 1 Ga Ne
Mamm., 1, 233.

b. Solenodontinae — Solénodontes, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm, 1, 246.

Pctamogalidae = Potamogalidae, Allm., T. Z.
S., vi, 149, 1-16.

(Chryschloridoidea.)
Chrysochlorididae= Chrysochloridae, Miv., J. A. &

Ps, 1868, lot:
(Macroscelidoidea.)
Macroscelididae == Macroscelididae, Miv., J. A.
& P., 11, 1868, 148.
a. Rhynchocyoninae = Rhynchocyons, Gerv., H.
N. Mamm., 1, 238.

b. Macroscelidinae = Macroscélidiens, Gerv., H.
N. Mamm., 1, 235.
Tupayidae == Tupaidae, Miv., 7). A. & P.:
li, 1868, 145.
(Insectivora incertae sedis.)
. Leptictrdae < Leptictis, Leidy, Ext. Mamm.

Dak. & Neb., 345.

93.

96.

97.

20

(RopEntT SeErtzs.)
Orver GLIRES.

Sus-OrpER SIMPLICIDENTATI.

(Lophiomyordea.)
Lophiomyidae = Lophiomides, A. M. Edw., N.
A. M: H. N. P., ini, 114.
(Myoidea.)
. Pedetidae Ss Pedetina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
iy JUDE Ie
. Dipodidae = Dipodina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 101.
Jaculidae = Jaculina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i LOd
Muridae = Muridés, Gerv., H. N. Mamm.,
| 1, 417.
a. Spalacinae = Rhizodontes a. Spalacini,
Br't., 5. R., 307.
i, Georhychinae = Rhizodontes b. Georhy-
chini, Brit. 5. K., 308.
c. Murinae == Muri, Lilly, -- Guar.
Dagedj., 12.
d. Siphneinae = Prismatodontes b. Macro-
nyches; Br’t., 5. R., 309.
e. Kllobiinae = Primatodontes a. Brachyo-

nyches, Br’t., 5. R., 309.

21

f. Arvicolinae = Arvicolini, Lillj., Gnag.
Dagedj., 22.

(Myoxoidea.)

98. Myoxidae = Myoxidae, Lillj., Gnag.
Dagedj., 31.

(Saccomyordea.)

99. Saccomyidae —= Saccomyinae, Bd., M.N. A.,
405. (e Saccomyidiis.)

100. Geomyidae = Sciurospalacoides, Br’t.,S. R.,
301.

( Castoroidea.)

101. Castoridae = Castoridae, Morgan, Am.
Beaver, 186.

(Scvwrotdea.)

102. Sciuridae = Sciurida, Car., Handb. Zool.,
1, 96.
a. Sclurinae = Campsiurina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 96.
b. Arctomyinae = Arctomyina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 97.

(Anomaluroidea.)

103. Anomaluridae = Anomalurina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 98.

22

(Haploodontoidea. )

104. Haploodontidae = Haploodontidae, Lillj., Gnag.
Daged)., 41.

(Hystricovdea. )

105. Spalacopodidae = Spalacopodidae, Lillj., Gnag.
Dagedj., 44.
a. Octodontinae x Octodontina, Waterh., N.
H. Mamm., 11, 242.
b. Ctenodactylinae < Octodontina, Waterh., N.
H. Mamm., 11, 242.

c. Echimyinae < Hchimyina, Waterh., N. H.
Mamm., 11, 286.
- d. Cercolabinae = Cercolabina, Waterh., N.

H. Mamm., ii, 484, (398).
106. Hystricidae < Hystrichina, Car., Handb.
Zool., 1, 109.
107. Dasyproctidae = Dasyproctina, Car., Handb.
Zool., i, 110.

a. Dasyproctinae = Dasyproctiens, Gerv., H.N.
Mamm., 327.
b. Coelogenyinae = Célogényens, Gerv., H. N.
Mamm., 325.
108. Caviidae < Caviina, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, 110.

109. Hydrochoeridae < Cavuna, Car., Handb. Zool.,
i, Labo: .

23

110. Chinchillidae == Chinchillidae, Lillj., Gnag.
Dagedj., 42.
a. Chinchillinae = Orobii sew Hriomyes monti-
colaca Brit: Sok. 2817.
b. Lagostominae = UHomalobii sew EHriomyes

planicolae, Br’t.,S.R.,317.

Sup-OrDER DUPLICIDENTATI.

111. Lagomyidae = Lagomyidae, Gray, A. & M.
N. Fig ie, AOS 1867.
112. Leporidae = Leporidae, Gray, A. & M.

N. HL, xx, 219, 1867.

OrpverR XIII.—BRUTA.

Susp-OrpER VERMILINGUIA.

118. Myrmecophagi- —= Myrmecophagidae, Gray, C.

dae P. & E. M., 390.
a. Myrmecophaginae San a Gray, CP.
Tamandua, &H.M.,390.
b. Cyclothurinae = Cyclothurus, Gray, C. P.
& E. M., 392.
SuB-ORDER SQUAMATA.
114. Manididae = Manididae, Gray, C. P. & HE.
M., 366.

Sup-Orper F'oDIENTIA.

115. Orygteropodidae = Orycteropodidae, Gray, C. P:
& EK. M., 389.

24
Susp-OrpEer TARDIGRADA.

116. Bradypodidae = Bradypodidae, Gray, C. P. &

HK. M., 362
a. Brady podinae Bradypus, ee
Arctopithecus, ) 364.
b. Choloepodinae = Choloepus, Gray, C. P. &
HK, M., 363.
117. Megathervidae = Gravigrada, Burm., A. M. P.
B, A. lets

a. Megatheriinae

b. Afylodontinae

Sus-Orprr Loricata.

118. Dasypodidae > Dasypodidae, Gray, P. Z. 5.,

1865, 360.

a. Dasypodinae < Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z.5S.,
1865, 360.

b. Tatusiinae < Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z.5.,
1865, 360.

c. Xenurinae < Dasypodina, Gray, P. Z.5.,
1865, 365.

d. Tolypeutinae = Tolypeutina, Gray, P. Z.5.,
1865, 365.

119. Chlamydophori- = Chlamyphoridae, Gray, P. Z.

dae S:, 1865, 387.

120. Hoplophoridae = Hoplophoridae, Huxl., Phil.
CBiraias oe lark

25
?

121. Ancylothertidae = Famille aujourd’hui eteinte,
Gaudry, An. foss. d’Att.,
1, 129, 321.

Sup-CLass DIDELPHIA.
Orper XIV.—MARSUPIALIA.

Sus-Orper RaizoPHaGa.
122. Phascolomyidae = Phascolomyidae, Waterh., N.
He Mamm., 1, 24).

Sus-OrpER SYNDACTYLI.

(Poephaga.)

123. Macropodidae = Macropodidae, Waterh., N. H.
Mamm., 1, 50.

(Carpophaga. )
124. Tarsipedidae = Tarsipédidés, Gerv., Mamm.,
Wy Zils
125. Phalangistidae == Phalangistidae, Owen, T. Z.
5. oH Be2:
a. Petaurinae == Petauristins, Gerv., H. N.,
Mamm., 11, 276.
b. Phalangistinae = Phalangistins, Gerv., H. N.

Mamm., 1, 274.
126. Phascolarctidae = Phascolarctidae, Owen, T. Z.
©., Halen:
(Diprotodontoidea.)

26

127. Diprotodontidae < Diprotodon,Owen, Paleont.,
o94—395.

128. Thylacoleonidae < Thylacoleo, Fl., Jour. Geol.
2. 45;., xxiv, L8687307-

(Entomophaga. )
129. Peramelidae == Peramelidae, Waterh., N. H.

Mamm., 1, 354.
a. Choeropodinae |

b. Peramelinae

Sus-Orpizr DASYUROMORPHIA.

130. Dasyuridae —= Dasyuridae, Owen, T. Z. 5.,
li, 332.
a. Sarcophilinae

b. Dasyurinae

c. Phascogalinae

131. Myrmecobiidae — Ambulatoria, Owen, T. Z. S.,
ley
Sus-Orper DipELPHIMoRPHIA.
132. Didelphididae = Didelphididae, Waterh., N. H.
Mamm., ii, 462.

27

MARSUPIALIA INCERTAE SEDIS.

133. Plagiaulacidae = Plagiaulax, Falc., Journ.
Geol. S. L., 1862, 348.
134. Dromatherudae |= Dromatherium, Owen, Pal.,
302.

Sub-CLtass ORNITHODELPHIA.
Orpen XVI.—MONOTREMATA.

Sus-OrpErR TACHYGLOSSA.
135. Tachyglossidae > Ornithorhynchidae, Gray, C.
P. & E. M., 3938.
SuB-OrpER PLATYPODA.

136. Ornithorhynchi- > Ornithorhynchidae, Gray, C.
dae P. & HK. M., 393.

; corms ee a ‘ Bie: “
tree Be hci aba ue, oe

tT OR aC

ve ey y Hi |

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

LIST OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO

(29 )

ae ar

iil
© i ea

ae)
7 i \) A ie 7 e
: :

i PREY

bis OF AUTHORS REFERRED’ FG.

The following enumeration of works is chiefly intended to explain the abbrevia-
tions used in connection with the preceding list of families: the works most
accessible to students generally have been used, whenever they could be referred
to in explanation of the limits of families adopted ; special monographs have been
chiefly referred to when the groups in connection with which they are cited have
not been limited in the same manner in general works. The ‘‘ Ostéographie”’ of
de Blainville, although not actually referred to in connection with any special
family, is so indispensable to any investigator of the mammals, and has been so
much used by the writer, that the title thereof and an analysis of its contents have
been given; the analysis and assignment of dates of publication of the several
monographs will doubtless prove useful, and save to some time and labor like that
necessarily devolved upon the writer in ascertaining the data furnished.

For the information of students, and because it is information often desired, the
publishers’ prices of most of the works cited are given, in the currency of the
country where they were published. Many of the separate monographs reprinted
from journals can be obtained from the second-hand book dealers—especially the
German—and from the Naturalists’ Agency of Salem, Mass., but at varying prices.

In order to secure uniformity of typography, only the initial letters of the charac-
teristic words are capital, the example of the learned brothers Grimm, as well as
other German writers, sanctioning such usage for their language. The initial
letters, however, of the more important words of the general titles, and to which
reference is made in the list, are capitalized, corresponding with and rendering at
once intelligible the abbreviated references. The punctuation of the respective
title-pages is adopted. 'The symbol (<) denotes that the memoir after which it is
inserted is contained in the volume or series whose title follows; the symbol of
equality (=) denotes that the memoir is co-extensive with the volume.

ALLEN (Joel Asaph). On the eared seals (Otariade), with detailed descrip-
tions of the North Pacific species, by J. A. Allen. Together with an account
of the habits of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), by Charles
Bryant. <Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, +--+. II, No.1

ALLMAN (George James). On the characters and affinities of Potamogale.
< Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, VI, 1—16, pl.
1-2, 1866.

BAIRD (Spencer Fullerton). Mammals of North America; the descriptions
of species based chiefly on the collections in the museum of the Smithsonian
institution. -.-. With eighty-seven plates of original figures, illustrating the
genera and species, and including details of external form and osteology.

(31 )

32

Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1859. [4to., 4 p. 1., xi—xxxiv, 735
pp. + (Part II, 1—55 pp.) 736—%764 pp., 87 pl. (29 col.)—$10; with col. pl.,
$15.

ae I. General report upon the Mammals of the several Pacific railroad
routes. - +--+. Washington, D. C., July, 1857:’’ reprinted from the ‘‘ Reports
of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical
route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific Ocean. --..
Volume VEIL. Washington: «=. 187." (60 plhan‘v. VI, Vil, VIIL.)
‘*Part II. Special report upon the Mammals of the Mexican boundary. By
Spencer F. Baird, -- +. With notes by the naturalists of the survey. Wash-
ington, D.C., January, 1859:’’ reprinted from the ‘‘ Report on the Unitec
States and Mexican boundary survey, made under direction of the secretary
of the interior, by William H. Emory, major first cavalry and United States
commissioner. Volume II. Washington: ---. 1859. (Part II. [§1.] Mam.
mals of the boundary, ---.)’’ 62 pp. 27 pl.J

BLAINVILLE (Henri Marie Ducrotay de). Ostéographie ou description ico-
nographique comparée du squelette et du systéme dentaire des Mammiféres
recents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la géologie | par H. M.
Ducrotay de Blainville ---. Ouvrage accompagné de 323 planches litho-
graphiées sous sa direction par M. J. C. Werner, peintre du Museum d’histoire
naturelle de Paris, précédé d’une étude sur la vie et les travaux de M. de
Blainville, par M. P. Picard.—[I—IV.—See ‘‘ Contents.’’ ]—Paris: J. B. Bail-
liére et fils ---. 1839-1864. [Text, 4to., 4v.; Atlas, fol., 4v.]

[Published in twenty-six fascicules; the first twenty-five under the title:
‘*Ostéographie ; ou, description iconographique comparée du squelette et du
systeme dentaire des cinq classes d’animaux vertébrés récents et fossiles, pour
servir de base 4 la zoologie et 4 la géologie par M. H. M. Ducrotay de Blain-
ville --+. Ouvrage accompagné de planches lithographiées sous sa direction
par OT. Joe. Werner’ .;-, Paris, Arthas Bertrand, .-.,"’' (1839-1805. |
The twenty-sixth and last fascicule was issued with the special title above
given, titles for the four volumes of text and four of plates, table of contents
and index, by the Bailliéres in 1864. The subscription price was 2 frances 85
centimes per plate; the price of the twenty-sixth livraison, 45 francs; and of
the whole, on completion, 800 francs, ‘‘ au lieu de 961 fr.”’

The culpable neglect of the publishers to give the dates of publication of the
several fascicules has doubtless devolved upon many investigators, as upon the
writer, much trouble and annoyance in ascertaining them, and to save to
others similar trouble, a collation is here presented, the dates having chiefly
been ascertained from Wagner’s annual reports in the ‘*‘ Archiv fiir Natur-
geschichte.”? The appearance of successive fascicules has not been noticed in
the ‘‘ Bibliographie de la France.”’ )

The titles of the respective monographs given below are those at the upper
fourth of the first page of each monograph, and which are the only special
titles published.

The work is more remarkable as a methodical repertory of facts respecting
superficial osteological details, than as a digest exhibiting acute appreciation of
the value and subordination of characters and their taxonomical application,
or orthodox views respecting classification and the geological succession of

33

animals—the concurrent views of the most recent and approved investigators
being the standard. The ‘‘genera,’’ it must be remembered, are generally
about equal in extent to the families now generally adopted. ]

CONTENTS.
Tome premier | Primatés—Secundatés | Avec atlas de 59 planches. [7 pp+ 9
parts*, as below:—]
Atlas—Tome premier | composé de 59 planches | Primatés—Secundatés. [2
p. 1. + 5 parts, viz.:—]
[A title-page with the more general title [see above] and the addition:—‘‘ Mam-
miféres—Tome premier’’ was issued with the first fascicule in ‘* 1839,’ and
another with the modification ‘‘ Mammiféres.—Primatés: Pithecus. Cebus.
Lemur.”’ in ‘‘1841,’’ but both are superseded by the special title issued for the
first volume with the twenty-sixth fascicule. ]
(Etude sur la vie et les travaux de M. de Blainville, par M. P. Nicard.) [1864.—ccxxiii. pp.
< F. xxvi.]

([A.] De Vostéographie en général. > Ostéographie des Mammiféres. pp. 19-47). [1839.—47
DD EL]

([B.] Ostéographie des Primatés.—Sur les primatés en général et sur les singes (Pithecws) en
particulier.) [1839.—52 pp. ll pl. <F.i. (+ pl. 1 dis and i bis. < F. xxv, 1855.)]

[A secondary general title for the Primatés was issued as the first pages (p 1 =
11) of the preceding, viz.: ‘‘ Ostéographie des Mammiféres de l’ordre des Pri-
mates, suivie de recherches sur l’histoire de la science a leur égard, les principes
de leur classification, leur distribution géographique actuelle et leur ancienneté
a la surface de la terre.’’]

([C.] Ostéographie des Primatés.—Sapajous (Cebus).) [1839.—3l pp. 9 pl. =F. ii.]

([D.] Ostéographie des Primatés.—Makis (Lemur).) [1839.—48 pp. ll pl. < F. iii.]

([Z.] Mémoire sur la véritable place de l’Aye-Aye dans la série des Mammiféres. Lu ala

Société philomatique, le 16 mai 1816.) [1$39.—40 pp. <F. iiii—Plate <F. iii.—Plate

(LF-] De l’ancienneté des Primatés a la surface de la terre.) 68 pp. [1839] < F. iv.—Sans

planches. ]

([G.] Ostéographie des Cheiroptéres (Vespertilio, L.).) [1839.—104pp.15 pl. < F. v.]

([4.} Ostéographie des Mammiferes insectivores (Talpa, Sorex et Erinaceus, L.)) [1840.—115

ppo lt ple =F. viel
Tome deuxiéme | Secundatés | Avec atlas de 117 planches. [viii. pp. +9 parts. ]
Atlas—Tome deuxiéme | composé de 117 planches | Secundatés. [2p.1.+8
parts, viz.:—]

([Z.] Ostéographie des Carnassiers. [1840.—85 pp. <F. vii.]

[A secondary title for the Carnassiers (I—Q) was issued as the first pages
(p. 1 =11) of the preceding, viz.: ‘‘ Ostéographie des Carnassiers, précédée de
considérations sur Vhistoire de la science a leur égard, les principes de leur
classification, leur distribution géographique actuelle, et suivie de recherches
sur leur ancienneté a la surface de la terre.’’]

([J-] Des Phoques (G. Phoca, L.).) [1840.—51 pp.10 pl. <F. vii.]

([K.] Des Ours (G. Ursus).) [1841.—94 pp. 18 pl. =F. viii.]

([Z.] Des Petit-ours (G. Subursus).) [1841.—123 pp. 16 pl. = F. ix. (+ pl.17< F. x, 1842.]

* The ‘‘parts’”’ is each monograph or series distinguished by a special and complete pagination or
numeration of plates.

July, 1871.

84

-{ With this fascicule was issued a general title limited thus: ‘‘ Mammiféres.—
Carnassiers: | Vespertilio. Talpa. Sorex. Erinaceus. Phoca. Ursus. Sub-

ursus. ---. 1841.’’]

([M.] Des Mustelas (G. Mustela, L.).) [1842.—83 pp. 15 pl. =F. x.]

([N.] Des Viverras.) [1842.—100 pp. 13 pl. =F. xi.]

({O.] Des Felis.) [1843.—196 pp, 1 folded tab., 19 pl. = F. xii. (+ pl. 20 <F. xxv., 1855.)]
({P.] Des Canis.) [1843.—160 pp. 16 pl. =F. xiii.]

([Q.] Des Hyénes.) [1844.—84 pp. Spl. =F. xiv.]

Tome troisiéme | Quaternatés | Avec atlas de 54 planches. [viii pp. + 5

parts. ]
Atlas—Tome troisiéme | composé de 54 planches | Quaternatés. [2 p.1.+5
parts, viz.:]
([R or S.] Des Eléphants.) [1845.—367 pp. 18 pl. =F. xvi.]
(US or Z7.] Du Dinotherium.) [1845.—64 pp.3 pl. =F. xvii.]
([Z or U.] Des Lamantins (Buffon), (Manatzs, Scopoli), ou Gravigrades aquatiques.) [1544
—140 pp. 11 pl. =F. xv.]
([V.] Des Damans (Buffon), (Hyraz).) [1845.—47 pp. 3 pl. =F. xviii.]
(LV or X.] Des Rhinocéros (Buffon), (G. Rhinoceros, L.).) [1846.—232 pp. 14 pl. =F. xx.]
([X and non-lettered.*] Monographie du Cheval. G. Equus.) 1864. [80 pp. <F. xxvi.]

Tome quatriéme—Quaternatés—Maldentés | Avec atlas de 93 planches. _ [Vviii.

pp. + 8 parts. ]
Atlas—Tome quatriéme | composé de 93 planches | Quaternatés—Maldentés.

[2 p. 1. +11 parts. ]

([¥.] Des Paleotheriums, Lophiodons, Anthracotheriums, Choeropotames.) [1846.—196 pp. 8
4+34341[=15] pl =F. xxi.]

([27.] Des Tapirs (Buffon). (G. Tapirus, Brisson).) [1846.—52 pp.6pl. =F. xix.]

([44.] Sur les Hippopotames (Buffon), (Hippopotamus, L.) et les Cochons (Buffon), (Sws, L.).)
1847. [248 pp. 8 +9 [=17] pl. < F. xxii.]

([BB.] Des Anoplothériums (G. Cuvier) et sur les genres plus ou moins différents:
1849. [155 pp. 9 pl. =F. xxiii.]

Xiphodon, Merycopotamus, ) Falconer et Cauteley,f
Dichobune, ¢ G. Cuvier, 1822. Hippohyus, \ 1847.

Adapis, J Paloplotherium,

Chalicothérium, J. Kaup, 1833. Dichodon, R. Owen, 1848.
Cainothérium, Brarard, 1835. Hyopotamus,

Microchoerus, Sc.f Wood, 1846.)

([CC.] Des Ruminants (Pecora, L.) en général et en particulier des Chameaux, des Lamas,
Buffon. (G. Camelus, L.) 1850. [131 pp. 5 pl. =F. xxiv.]

([DD.] Ostéographie des Paresseux (Bradypus, L.).) [1840.—64 pp. 6 pl. =F. v.]

(LEE. General title.] Publication posthume.—Explication des planches suivantes.

PILIFERES. Genres. Gorilla, Smilodon, Sciurus, Arctomys, Castor, Capromys, Myopota-
mus, Hystrix, Cavia, Equus, Camelopardalis, Myrmecophaga, Macrotherium, Megathe-
rium, Glyptodon, Toxodon, Elasmotherium, Macrauchenia et groupes qui s’y rattachent.

SQUAMMIFERES. Genre Crocodilus et groupes génériques voisins.

OstfozoatRres. Signification des os du crane dans les diverses classes de ce type. 1855.
[63 pp. 41 pl.]

Table alphabétique des quatre volumes. 1855. [lxvi. pp. < F. xxvi.]

BRANDT (Johann Friedrich). Symbole sirenologice, [fasciculus I,] quibus
praecipue Rhytinee historia naturalis illustratur. ---. (1845). ~< Mémoires

* The first series of letters is given in the list of monographs opposite title-pages, and the second in
the table of contents of the third volume.
Tt The cacography of the original is copied.

00

de 1’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg. Sixieme série.
Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles. Tome VII. Seconde partie:
Sciences naturelles. Tome VII. ---. 1849.—Zoologie et physiologie, 1—160,
pl. 1—5. .

BRANDT (Johann Friedrich). Beitrige zur nihern kenntniss der saugethiere
Russland’s. Von J. F. Brandt. (1851.) <Jb. Sixieme série. Sciences
mathématiques, physiques, et naturelles. Tome IX. Seconde partie. Sci-
ences naturelles. Tome VII. ---. 1855.—Zoologie et physiologie. 1—865.

[Vierte abhandlung. Blicke auf die allmiligen fortschritte in der gruppirung
der Nager [Glires] mit specieller beziehung auf die geschichte der gattung
Castor, besonders des altweltlichen Bibers. (pp. 77—124.) Finfte abhand-
lung. Untersuchungen iiber die craniologischen entwickelungsstufen und die
davon herzuleitenden verwandtschaften und classificationen der Nager der
jetztwelt, mit besonderer beziehung auf die gattung Castor. (pp. 125—836,
pl. i—xi-+ va.)]

Symbole sirenologice. Fasciculus II et III. Sireniorum, Pachyder-

matum, Zeuglodontum et Cetaceorum ordinis osteologia comparata, nec non

Sireniorum generum monographie. .+-+-. Petropoli, 1861-68. [4to., 3p.

1. 883 (+1) pp.9 pl.] ~< Mémoires de Académie Impériale des Sciences

de St. Pétersbourg, Sixiéme série. Sciences naturelles. 1—865, 19 pl.

De Dinotheriorum genere Elephantidorum familizee adjugendo nec non de
Elephaniidorum generum craniologia comparata. - +--+. St. Pétersbourg,---.
1869. [4to. 1—88 pp.] <Ib. XIV, No.1.

Untersuchungen tiber die gattung Klippschliefer (Hyrax Herm.), besonders
in anatomischer und verwandtschaftlicher beziehung nebst bemerkungen tber
ihre verbreitung und lebensweise. ---. St. Pétersbourg, 1869. ---. [4to.
vi, 127 pps pL] <b. XLV, No. 2.

BURMEISTER (Carl Hermann Conrad, 07, Hispanice,German). Descripcion
de la Macrauchenia patachonica. <<Anales del Museo publico de Buenos
Aires, +--+, para German Burmeister, director del Museo publico de Buenos
Aires.--+. I, 82—65, pl. 1—4. 1864.

Fauna argentina.—Primera parte. Mamiferos fosiles. <Ib. I, 87—282,
pl.5—8. 1866.

[Contains monographs of Gravigrada (pp. 149—182, pl. v) and Effodienta, a,
Biloricata.—7. e. Glyptodontes (pp. 183—231, pl. vi—viii).]

—— Descripcion de cuatro especies de Delfines de la costa argentina. > Ib. I,
067—445, pl. xxi—xxvili, 1869.
[Contains an anatomical monograph on Pontoporia Blainvilla, demonstrat-
ing its affinity with the Delphinide. ]

Monografia de los Glyptodontes en el museo publico de Buenos Aires.
<Ib. II, 1—107, pl. 1—12, 1870. [To be continued. ]

CARUS (Julius Victor). Handbuch der zoologie von Jul. Victor Carus, -- -
und C. E. A. Gerstaecker, ---. Erster band. I. halfte. Wirbelthiere, bearb-
eitet von J. Victor Carus.—Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1868.

36

[Svo., Bogen 1—27.—22 th.] I. classe. Mammalia, [Siugethiére. pp. 39—
191.

COPE (Edward Drinkard). An addition to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the
miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States.
-++-,. <Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1867, 188—156.

[Cynorcide distinguished. ]

DOYERE (M.---P.--L---N---). Notice sur un mammifére de Madagascar,
formant le type d’un nouveau genre [ Euplere] de la famille des carnassiers in-
sectivores de M. Cuvier; par M. Doyére. < Annales des sciences naturelles
--+. Seconde série. Tome quatrieme. Zoologie. 1835, 270—283, pl. 8.

EDWARDS (Alphonse Milne). Recherches anatomiques, zoologiques et pa-
léontologiques sur la famille des Chevrotains [Moschide et Tragulide]. -- -
< Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Cinquieme série. Zoologie et Paléontologie.

II, 1864, pp. 49—167, pl. 2—12.

Mémoire sur une nouvelle famille de l’ordre des Rongeurs [Lophiomides].
< Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle de Paris, IT],
81—118, pl. 6—10, 1867.

EDWARDS (Henri Milne et Alphonse Milne). Recherches pour servir a
Vhistoire naturelle des Mammiferes.---. Paris: Victor Masson et fils, - -
1868 [—] 1870. [4to., liv. ler—der.—Chaque livr. 13 fr. ]

"9

FALCONER (Hugh). On the disputed affinities of the mammalian genus Pla-
giaulax, from the Purbeck beds. ---. <The Quarterly Journal of the Geo-
logical Society of London, XVIII, 1862, 848—369.

Paleontological memoirs and notes of the late Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D.
With a biographical sketch of the author. Compiled and edited by
Charles Murchison, M.D., F.R.S. ---. [See *‘Contents.’’] London: Robert
Hardwicke, *\-- «1868: [S8vot,2 vols."C1;) vi, 590 pp. 34 ple; CH, ) xin, 675
pp. 88 pl.—42 sh. ]

CONTENTS.
Vol. I. Fauna antiqua sivalensis.
‘¢ TI. Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Ossiferous caves, Primeval man and
his cotemporaries,

FISCHER (Paul). Mémoire sur les cétacés du genre Ziphius, Cuvier.-- -
< Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle de Paris, III, 41—79,
pl. 4, 1867.

[Contains a synopsis of the Ziphioides. ]

FLOWER (William Henry). Notes on the skeletons of whales in the principal
museums of Holland and Belgium, with descriptions of two species apparently
new to science.---. < Proceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoo-
logical Society for the year 1864, 884—420.

Description of the skeleton of Inia geoffrensis and of the skull of Pon-

toporia blainvillii, with remarks on the systematic position of these animals

ov

in the order Cetacea.---. <Transactions of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don, VI, 87—116, pl. 4, 1867.
[Contains a systematic synopsis of the families and subfamilies Cetaceans. ]

FLOWER (William Henry). On the affinities and probable habits of the
extinct Australian marsupial, Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen.---. <The Quar-
terly Journal of the Geclogical Society of London, XXIV, 1868, 307—319.

On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium in the classifica-
tion of the order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and
other disputed forms.---. < Proceedings of the scientific meetings of the
Zoological Society of London, for the year 1869, 4—37.

On the anatomy of the Proteles, Proteles cristatus (Sparrman).---. <Ib.
1869, 474—496, pl. 36.

GAUDRY (Albert). Animaux fossiles et géologie de l’Attique, d’aprés les
recherches faites en 1855-56 et en 1860 sous les auspices de ]’Académie des
Sciences par Albert Gaudry. Paris: F. Sory, éditeur, 1862—1867. [4to.,

474 pp. 11.; atlas 4 p.1., 1 map, 75 pl.— Published in 19 livr., at 6 fr. each. ]

GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE (Isidore). Muséum d’histoire naturelle de
Paris.—Catalogue méthodique de la collection des Mammifeéres, de la collection
des Oiseaux et des collections annexes. Par le professeur-administrateur
M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, --- et les aides-naturalistes MM. Florent
Prévost et Pucheran.—Paris: Gide et Baudry,---. 1851. [8vo. 3 p. 1.—
(Introduction.) xv. pp.—(Premiére partie.—Mammifétres.—Catalogue des
Primates, par M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.) 1 p.1. vii, 96 pp.]

GERVAIS (Paul). Histoire naturelle des Mammiféres avec l’indication de
leurs moeurs, et de leurs rapports avec les arts, le commerce et l’agriculture
e+ +, [See ‘“*Contents.’?] Paris L. Curmer. -.. 1854 [—]1855. [S8vo.; 2 v.
(1) xxiv, 418 pp. 11. 18 col. pl., 14 uncol. pl.—21 fr.; (II) 2 p. 1. 344 pp., 40
col. pl., 29 uncol. pl.—25 fr. ]
CONTENTS.
1re partie. [Introduction, Primates, Cheiroptéres, Insectivores, Rongeurs.]- - -
1854.
[2¢ partie.] Carnivores, Proboscidiens, Jumentés, Bisulques, Edentés, Mar-
supiaux, Monotremes, Phoques, Sirénides et Cétacés. ---. 1855.

Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueilles pendant ]’éxpedition dans les
parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de
Lima au Para; exécutée par ordre du gouvernement francais pendant les
années 1843 a 1847, sous la direction du comte Francis de Castelnau. -
Mammiferes par M. Paul Gervais, --- Paris, chez P. Bertrand, --.- 1865
[2 p.1.,116 pp. 20 pl.] <CasrEeLnav (Francois de Laporte, comte de). Ex-
pedition dans les parties centrales de 1’ Amérique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a
Lima, et de Lima au Para. 7% partie. Zoologie.

GIEBEL (Christian Gottfried Andreas). Die Saugethiere in zoologischer,
anatomischer und palontologischer beziehung umfassend dargestellt, -- -
Leipzig: verlag von Ambrosius Abel. 1855. [8vo., xii, 1108 pp.—7 r. th. 10
n. £.]

46? al), £

38

GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Prodrome of a monograph of the Pinnipedes.
< Communications of the Essex Institute. V, pp. 1—13, 1866.

The eared seals. [A review of memoir on the eared seals (Otariade), etc.,
by J. A. AuueEN.] <The American naturalist, a popular illustrated magazine
of natural history. IV, 675.

On the Sperm-whales [Physeteride], giant and pygmy.---. <Ib. IV,
725—743, 1871.

Synopsis of the primary subdivisions of the Cetaceans. «-+-. <Com-
munications of the Essex Institute. VI, 121—126, 1871.

GRAY (John Hdward). Catalogue of the specimens of Mammalia in the collec-
tion of the British museum. Part III. Ungulata furcipeda..-.-. London:
printed by order of the trustees. 1852. [12mo., xvi, 286 pp. 37 pl.—12 sh.]

Catalogue of Seals [Pinnipedia] and Whales [Cete] in the British mu-
seum. ---. Second edition. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1866.
[8vo., vii, 402 pp.—8 sh. ]

Synopsis of the genera of Vespertilionide and Noctilionide....-. <The
Annalsand Magazine of Natural History,--- XVII. Thirdseries, 1866, 89—93.

A revision of the genera of Rhinolophide, or horseshoe bats. --.-. < Pro-
ceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the
year 1866, 81—83.

Revision of the genera of Phyllostomide, or leaf-nosed bats. ---. <Ib.,
1866, 111—118.

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia in
the British museum. -.-.-. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1869.
[Svo., 4 p. l. 898 pp.—6 sh. 6 d.]

——— Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the collection of
the British museum. +-+-. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1870.
[8vo., vill, 1387 pp.]

HUXLEY (Thomas Henry). On the osteology of the genus Glyptodon...- -
< Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, CLY, 1865.
31—70, pl. 4—9.

On the structure of the stomach in Desmodus rufus.---. < Proceedings
of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1865.
386—390.

Reports of Professor Huxley’s lectures on ‘* The structure and classifica-

tion of the Mammalia,’’ delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons. <The

Medical Times and Gazette, 1864, I and II, viz :—

Lecture 1 [—] 1X. AntTHRopini. [I, 153: Distinctive characters and skele-
ton. IT,177: Muscles. III, 20: Extremities. IV, 229; V, 206: Brain.
VI, 284: Teeth and organs of reproduction. VII, 812: Development.
VIII, 343; IX, 869: Variations and number of species. ]

Lecture X [—] XIX. ANTHROPOMORPHA. [(Troglodytes niger.) X,398;
XI, 428; XII, 456: Skeleton and muscles. XIII, 486: Larynx, Teeth,

39

Brain. XIV, 509: Organs of reproduction, development, variations. ——
Troglodytes gorilla XIV, 509; XV, 5387; XVI, 564.— (Simia satyrus.)
XVI, 564; XVII, 595; XVIII, 617.—( Aylobates). XVIII, 617;
XIX, 647.——( Characteristics of ANTHROPOMORPHA). XIX, 647.]
-Lecture XX [—] XXI. CyNopPITHEcINA. (v.I,) p. 671. (v. II,) pp.
12; 40; 93; 123.
Lecture XXII [—] XXIII. PuLatyrarni. pp. 93; 128.
Lecture XXIII.» ARCTOPITHECINI. p. 124.
Lecture XXIV. LeEMURINI. CHEIROMYINI. Recapitulation. p. 145.
HUXLEY (Thomas Henry). Professor Huxley’s Lectures at the Royal College
of Surgeons. [On Mammalia]. <The Lancet, 1866, I, viz:—
Lecture I [—] IV. Srrenra. pp. 157—158; 180; 214—215; 239.
Lecture [TV [—] IX. Ceracna. pp. 239; 268; 291; 324—325- 350; 881.
Lecture X [—] XI. Prynipepia. pp. 484—430; 460—466.
Lecture XII. Doe. p. 607.

LEIDY (Joseph). The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska,
including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with
a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America. ---. Preceded
with an introduction on the geology of the tertiary formations of Dakota and
Nebraska, by F. V. Hayden, M.D. Philadelphia, 1869. =Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. VII, second series. Phila-
delphia: published for the Academy, by J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1869. [4to.,
A472 pp., 30 pl., 1 map.—$20. J

LILLJEBORG (Wilhelm). Systematisk 6fversigt af de Gnagande Daggdjuren,
Giiren. «<>. Uppsala: Kongl. akad. bocktrykeriet, 1866. [4to., 1 p.1. 59 pp.
3 folded tables. ]

McCOyY (Frederick). Onthespeciesof Wombats [Phascolomyide]. (Abstract. )
< Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria,
VI, 266—270. 1868.

MARTIN (William Charles Linneus). A general introduction to the Natural
History of Mammiferous Animals, with a particular view of the Physical
History of Man, and the more closely allied genera of the order Quadrumana,
or Monkeys, ---. Illustrated with 296 anatomical, osteological, and other
incidental engravings on wood, and 12 full plate representations of animals,
drawn by William Harvey. London: Wright & Co. 1841. [8vo., 1 p.1.
545 pp., 12 pl.—16 sh. ]

MIVART (St. George). Notes on the crania and dentition of the Lemuride.
< Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864, 611—648.

Contributions towards a more complete knowledge of the axial skeleton in
the Primates.---. <JIb., 1865, 545—592.
[Contains a synoptical arrangement of the order. ]

On the structure and affinities of Microrhynchus laniger [Lemuride].- - -
<Ib., 1866, 151.

On the skull of Indris diadema [Lemuride].---. <Ib., 1867, 247.
—— Additional notes on the osteology of the Lemurida.---. <Ib., 1867, 960.

40)

MIVART (St. George). Notes on the osteology of the Insectivora.....—
<The Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, I, 1867, 281—312; I1, 1868,
117—154. [Contains a descriptive synopsis of the order. ]

Notes sur l’ostéologie des Insectivores.---. < Annales des Sciences
Naturelles. Cinquiéme série. Zoologie et paléontologie, VIII, 1867, 221—284 ;
IX, 1868, 311—372.

[A translation of the preceding. ]

MORGAN (Lewis Henry). The American Beaver [Castorid] and his works.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1868. [8vo., 380 pp., 1 map, 23

pl.—$5. ]
MURIE (James). On the saiga antelope, Saiga tartarica (Pall.)-.-. <Pro-

ceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the
year 1870, 451—503.

Notes on the anatomy of the prongbuck, Antilocapra americana.
<Ib. 1870, 834—368.

OWEN, F.R.S. (Richard). On theosteology of the Marsupialia..... <Trans-
actions of the Zoological Society of London, II, 1841, 879—408, pl. 68—71.

Outlines of a classification of the Marsupialia.---. </Ihb., I], 1841, 315—
308.

Description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth (Mylodon ro-
bustus, Owen), with observations on the osteology, natural affinities, and
probable habits of the Megatherioid quadrupeds in general. By Richard
Owen, F.R.S., Hunterian professor and conservator of the museum of the
Royal college of surgeons in London. Published by direction of the council.
London: --- Sold by John Van Voorst, ---. 1842. [4to., 176 pp., 24 pl.
w. 24 expl. 1.]

Description of some species of the extinct genus Nesodon, with remarks on
the primary group (Toxodontia) of hoofed quadrupeds, to which that genus
is referable.---. < Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Lon-
don. For the year MDCCCLIII. vol. 148, 291—310, pl. 15—18.

Paleontology or a systematic summary of extinct animals and their geolo-
gical relations. ---. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. 1860. [8vo.
xv, 420 pp.]

PETERS (Wilhelm Carl Hartwig). ([22. Mai 1865.] Hr. W. Peters legte
Abhandlungen zu einer monographie der Chiropteren vor und gab eine Uber-
sicht der von ihm befolgten systematischen ordnung der hieher gehérigen
gattungen. <Monatsberichte der koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wis-
senschaften zu Berlin, 1865, 256—258.

— [138. Juli 1865.] Hr. W. Peters las tiber flederthiere ( Vespertilio soricinus
Pallas, Choroenycterts Lichtenst., Rhinophylla pumilio nov. gen., Artibeus
fallax nov. sp., A. concolor nov. sp., Dermanura quadrivittatum nov. sp.,
Nycteris grandis n. sp.). <Ib., 1865, 8351—859.

[Contains a synopsis of Stenodermine, pp. 856—339; continued on p. 524.]

41

PETERS (Wilhelm Carl Hartwig). [16. October 1865.] Hr. W. Peters las
tiber die zu den Vampiri gehorigen flederthiere und iiber die natiirliche stel-
lung der gattung Antrozous. <Ib., 1865, 503—524.

(22. Juni.] Hr. W. Peters las tiber die zu den Glossophage gehérigen
flederthiere und uber eine neue art der gattung Coléura. <Ib., 1868, 361—
386, 1 pl.

PICTET (Francois Jules). Traité de Paléontologie ou histoire naturelle des

animaux fossiles considérés dans leurs rapports zoologiques et géologiques.

Seconde é€dition, revue, corrigée, considérablement augmentée, accom-

pagnée d’un atlas de 110 planches grand in- 4°, . - - .Paris, chez J.-B. Bailliere,
--- 1858 [—] 1857. [8vo. 4 v.; 4to. atlas.—80 fr.]

RUTIMEYER (Ludwig). Versuch einer natiilichen geschichte des rindes,
in seinen beziehungen zu den Wiederkauern im allgemeinen. [Eine ana-
tomisch-palaeontologische monographie von Linné’s genus dos. ---. [4to.,
Erste abtheilung. 102 pp. 1 1. 2 pl.; Zweite abtheilung, 175 pp., 4 pl.]
< Neue Denkschriften der allgemeinen schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiir die.
gesammten Naturwissenschaften.—Nouveaux mémoires de la Société helvé-
tique des sciences naturelles. XXIII, [Dritte dekade, II]. 1867.

SCLATER (Philip Lutley). Remarks on the arrangement and distribution of
the Cervide.--+. < Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1870,
114—115.

TURNER (H--- N---, jun.). On the evidences of affinity afforded by the
skull in the Ungulate mammalia. ---. <Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London. Part XVII, 1849, 147—158.

VAN BENEDEN (Pierre Joseph). Recherches sur les Squalodons. --.-.
< Mémoires de 1’ Académie royale de Belgique, XX XY, 1865.

WATERHOUSE (George R---). A Natural History of the Mammalia. -- -
[See ‘‘ Contents.’?] London: Hippolyte Bailliere, ---. 1846 [—] 1848 [8vo.,
(1), 8 p. 1. 553 pp., 22 pl. (11 col.).—; CII,) 1 pl. 500 pp., 22 pl. (11 col.).—
each 29 sh; col., 834 sh6d.]

CONTENTS.

Vol. I. Containing the order Marsupiata, or Pouched animals, with 22 illus-
trations engraved on steel, and 18 engravings on wood.

Vol. II. Containing the order Rodentia, or Gnawing mammalia; with 22
illustrations engraved on steel, and [8] engravings on wood.

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SYNOPTICAL TABLES

CHARACTERS

Or THE 6U3-PiVIsStOns.oOF

MAMMALS,

WITH

A CATALOGUE OF THE GENERA.

WASHINGTON, D.C.
1871.

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—_

MAMMALS.

Abrarchiate Vertebrates with a brain whose cerebral hemispheres are more or less
connected (and in nearly inverse ratio) by an anterior commissure, and a superior
transverse commissure (corpus callosum) ; the latter more or less roofing in the lateral
ventricles: lungs and heart in the thorax, separated from the abdominal viscera
by a muscular diaphragm: aorta single and reflected over the left bronchus: blood
with red non-nucleated blood-corpuscles ; undergoing a complete circulation, being
entirely received and transmitted by the right half of the quadrilocular heart to the
lungs for aeration, (and warmed,) and afterwards returned by the other half through
the system. Skull with two condyles, chiefly developed on the exoccipital elements,
(one on each side of the foramen magnum): with the malleus and incus superadded as
specialized auditory ossicles: and the lower jaw (composed of a pair of simple rami)
articulated directly by convex condyles with the squamosal bones. Dermal append-
ages developed as hairs. Viviparous: foetus developed from a minute egg: young
nourished after birth by a fluid (milk) secreted in peculiar glands (mammary) by
the mother.

SUB-CLASSES.

I. Brain with superior transverse commissure composed of a body as well as
psalterial fibres; and with a well developed septum. Sternum with
no element in front of the manubrium or presternum. Coracoid not con-
nected with the sternum, but early anchylosed with and developed as a
simple process of the scapula. Oviducts debouching into a double or single
vagina, (and not into a common cloacal chamber). Testes variable in po-
sition, but the vasa deferentia open directly or indirectly into a distinct
and complete urethra, (and not into a cloacal cavity). Ureters discharge
directly into the bladder the renal secretion, which thence passes into the
urethra. Mammary glands with well developed nipples.

A. Brain with the cerebral hemispheres connected by a more or less well-
developed corpus callosum and a reduced anterior commissure. Vagina
a single tube, but sometimes with a partial septum. Young retained
within the womb till of considerable size and nearly perfect development,
and deriving its nourishment from the mother through the intervention
of a ‘‘placenta’’? (developed from the allantois) till birth. Scrotum

never in front of penis. MONODELPHIA. (I. )

B. Brain with the cerebral hemispheres chiefly connected by a well-de-
veloped auterior commissure, the corpus callosum being rudimentary.

46

Vagina more or less completely dividing into two separate passages.
Young born when of very small size and imperfect development; never
connected by a placenta with the mother, but when born attached by
her to the nipple, from which the milk is forced by herself into the
mouth of the young. Scrotum in front of penis.

DIDELPHIA. (II.)

II. Braiv with the superior transverse commissure with no well defined
psalterial fibres ; and with the septum very much reduced insize. (Flower).
Sternum with a peculiar T-shaped bone (the episternum or interclavicle)
in advance of the manubrium or presternum. Coracoid extending from
the clavicle to the sternum, and only towards maturity anchylosed with
the scapula. The oviducts, enlarged below into uterine pouches, but open-
ing separately from one another, as in oviparous vertebrates, debouch,
not into a distinct vagina, but into a cloacal chamber, common to the
urinary and genital products, and to the feces. Testes abdominal in posi-
tion throughout life, and the vasa deferentia open into the cloaca, and not
into a distinct urethral passage. Ureters pour the renal secretion, not
into the bladder, which is connected with the upper extremity of the cloaca,
but into the latter cavity itself. Mammary glands with no distinct nip-

Be a ORNITHODELPHIA. (IIL)

I. MONODELPHIA
ORDERS.

I. Brain with a relatively large cerebrum, behind overlapping much or all
of the cerebellum, and in front much or all of the olfactory lobes : corpus
callosum (attypically) continued horizontally backwards to or beyond
the vertical of the hippocampal sulcus, developing in front a well-defined

recurved rostrum.
SUPER-ORDER EDUCABILIA. .

_A. Posterior members and pelvis well developed. Periotic and tympanic
bones articulated with the squamosal; (etypically, free and otherwise
modified, e. g. Tapiridae).

1. Legs almost or entirely exserted outside of the common abdominal
integument. First digit (great toe) of hind foot (pes) enlarged, op-
posable to the others, (exceptionally resuming parallelism with them,)
furnished with a nail. Brain with»a well-developed calcarine sulcus,
giving rise to a hippocampus minor within the posterior cornu of the
ventricle by which the posterior lobe of the cerebrum is traversed.
(Flower.) (Incisors fourin each jaw; etypically, two—or all in upper
jaw—suppressed. Clavicles completely developed.)

47

a. Digits with corneous appendages developed as claws (i. e. com-
pressed) or, attypically, as nails (i. e. depressed). Teeth of three
kinds, (canines of second set etypically atrophied,) all encased
in enamel; (molars mostly two- or three-rooted). Placenta decidu-

ate, discoidal.
PRIMATES. (1)

2. Legs with the proximal joints (humerus and femur) more or less
inclosed in the common abdominal integument. First digit of hind
foot attypically reduced or atrophied ; etypically hypertrophied (e. g.
Pinnipedia). Brain with nocalcarine sulcus. (Incisors archetypically
six in each jaw; etypically, two or more suppressed. Clavicles
rudimentary, cr—in (b) Ungulate Series—none.)

a. Digits with corneous appendages developed as claws. Teeth of
three kinds, all encased with enamel: canines specialized and
robust: (molars mostly two- or three-rooted—etypically one-root-
ed,—attypically one (= =) or more in each jaw sectorial, followed
by tubercular ones.) Scaphoid and lunar consolidated into one bone.

Placenta deciduate, zonary.
FERAE. (IZ)

b. Digits with corneous appendages developed as hoofs. Teeth of
three kinds, (canines and incisors of second set exceptionally in
part undeveloped,) all encased in enamel: (molars attypically two- or
three-rooted, attypically with grinding surfaces.) Scaphoid and
lunar separate. Placenta diversiform.

b. 1. Incisors (archetypically &; often, especially in the upper jaw,
reduced in number or wholly suppressed; implanted by simple
roots,) with incisorial crowns. Feet with inferior (or, rather, pos-
terior) surfaces with a hairy skin continuous with the rest of the
integument: carpal bones in two interlocking rows; cuneiform
narrow and affording a diminished surface of attachment forwards
for the ulna (which is retrorse beside the radius); unciform and
lunar articulating with each other and interposed between the
cuneiform and magnum: hind foot with the astragalus at its an-
terior portion scarcely deflected inwards, articulating more or less
with the cuboid as well as navicular: toes (not more than four
completely developed) with terminal joints encased in thick
hoofs. Placenta non-deciduate, (diffuse or cotyledonary).

UNGULATA. (II)

b. 2. Incisors (& or 4; variable as to insertion,) with incisorial
crowns. Feet mostly unknown: carpal bones unknown: hind
foot with the astragalus at its anterior portion inclined obliquely
inwards, articulating in front only withthe navicular. Calcaneum
with an extensive upwards surface for the articulation of the
fibula, and with a large lateral process articulating in front with

48

the astragalus. Molars of upper jaw broad and extending into an
externo-anterior angle; of lower jaw, narrow and continuous ina

TOXODONTIA. (IV.)

uniform row.

b. 3. Incisors (4) of upper jaw next to symphysis (with persistent
pulps) long and curved; those of luwer jaw straight and nor-
mal. Feet with inferior surfaces furnished with pads, (as in
Rodents and Carnivores): carpal bones in two interlocking rows;
cuneiform extending inwards, (and articulating with magnum,)
and affording an enlarged surface of attachment forwards for the
ulna (which is antrorsely produced); unciform and lunar separat-
ed by the interposition of the cuneiform and magnum: hind foot
with the astragalus at its anterior portion extended and, as a
whole, much deflected inwards, articulating in front only with
the navicular: toes (four to the front feet, three to the hind) with
terminal, phalanges encased in hoofs; (inner nail of hind foot

curved). Placenta deciduate, zonary.
HYRACOIDEA. (V.)

b. 4. Incisors (2, or, in extinct forms, ? or 3, renewed from per-
sistent pulps,) developed as long tusks curved outwards. Feet
with palmar and plantar surfaces invested in extended pad-like
integuments, which also underlie the toes: carpal bones in two
regular (not interlocking) rows, broad and short; cuneiform ex-
tended inwards—broad, and furnishing an enlarged surface of
attachment forwards for the ulna (which is antrorsely produced).
Unciform directly in front of cuneiform, and magnum directly in
front of lunar: hind foot with the astragalus at its anterior por-
tion very short, (convex,) and not deflected inwards, articulating
in front only with the navicular: toes (five to each foot, in known
forms,) encased in broad shallow hoofs. Placenta deciduate,
zonary.—Snout produced into a very long proboscis. Legs mostly
exserted outside the abdominal integument; and with the proxi-
mal and succeeding joints extensible in the same line.

PROBOSOIDEA. (VI)

B. Posterior members and pelvis more or less completely atrophied; the
form of the body being fish-like, furnished with a horizontal tail, and
specialized for progression in the water. Periotic and tyimpanic bones
auchylosed together, but not articulated with the squamosal.

1. Brain narrow. Skull with the foramen magnum posterior, directed
somewhat downwards: supra-occipital nearly vertical and not ex-
tending forwards, the parietals meeting and interposed between it and
the frontals. Periotie with a posterior irregularly rounded part;
tympanic annuliform. Lower jaw with well-developed ascending rami
and normal transver-e condyles and coronoid processes. Lateral teeth
molar, and adapted to trituration of herbage. Neck moderate; second

49

cervical vertebra with an odontoid process. Anterior members mod-
erately long, flexed at the elbow; with carpal bones and phalanges
directly articulated with the adjoining ones; and with normal digits.
Mammeze two, pectoral.—Heart deeply fissured between the ventricles.

SIRENIA. (VII.)

2. Brain broad. Skull with the foramen magnum entirely posterior,
directed somewhat upwards: supra-occipital very large, sloping for-
wards, and (attypically) extending forwards over or between the
frontals. Periotic attenuated backwards;. tympanic solid, entire.
Lower jaw with no ascending ramus, with its narrow condyles at the
posterior extremities or angles of the rami, and with only rudimentary
coronoid processes. Teeth conicorcompressed,monophyodont. Neck
attypically very short; second cervical vertebra with no odontoid |
process. Anterior members (attypically) abbreviated, extended back-
wards in a continuous line; with carpal bones and phalanges often
separated by cartilage; and with the second digit composed of more

than three phalanges. Mamme two, inguinal.
CETE. (VIII)

II. Brain with a relatively small cerebrum, leaving behind much of the
cerebellum exposed, and in front much of the olfactory lobes: corpus
callosum extending more or less obliquely upwards and terminating before
the vertical of the hippocampal sulcus; with no well defined rostrum in

front.
SUPER-ORDER INEDUCABILIA.

A. Teeth encased in enamel: incisors (very variable as to number) with-
out persistent pulps: canines present (but sometimes modified in form):
molars attypically with sharp and pointed cusps. Lower jaw with
condyles transverse, received into special glenoid sockets. Placenta
discoidal deciduate.

1. Anterior members adapted for flight: the ulna and radius being
united, and the metacarpal bones and phalanges—2 to 5—much
elongated; the whole sustaining a very thin leathery skin arising
from the sides of the body, and extending backwards on the hind
members, down to their tarsi. Mammez pectoral.

CHIROPTERA. (IX.)

2. Anterior as well as posterior members adapted for walking or grasp-
ing: the ulna and radius entirely or partly separated: metacarpal
bones and phalanges normally developed. Mammeze abdominal:

(etypically—in Dermoptera, &c.—pectoral).
INSECTIVORA. (&)

July, 1871.

ib

50

B. Teeth encased in enamel: incisors (3; exceptionally, also two sup-
plementary posterior teeth, ) continually reproduced from persistent pulps,
and growing in a circular direction: canines none: molars attypically
with ridged surfaces. Lower jaw with condyles longitudinal, and not
received in special glenoid sockets, but gliding freely backwards and
forwards in longitudinal furrows. Members and feet ambulatorial.
Placenta discoidal deciduate.

GLIRES.

C. Teeth (when developed) not encased in enamel: incisors typically
absent (lateral present in Dasypus): molars variable: members and feet
ambulatorial, (modified often for grasping and digging). Placenta diver-
siform (discoidal deciduate in Orycteropodide and Dasypodide; diffuse
deciduate in Manidide; and coyledonous non-deciduate? in Bradypo-

dide).
BRUTA.

I. PRIMATES.
SUB-ORDERS.

Cerebrum with its posterior lobe much developed, wholly or mostly cover-
ing the cerebellum. Skull with lachrymal foramen within the orbit.
Orbit separated from temporal fossa by the union of the alisphenoid and
malar bones. Ears rounded, each with a distinct lobule. Female with
uterus undivided, and clitoris imperforate. Mamme (2) exclusively pec-
toral.

(XI.)

(XIT.)

ANTHROPOIDEA.

Il. Cerebrum with the posterior lobe not extended backwards over the entire

—

cerebellum, a considerable portion of the latter being uncovered. Skull
with lachrymal foramen outside the orbit. Orbits open behind, (partially
closed in Tarsiidae). Ears more or less produced upwards and pointed,
angulated at their extremities, with no distinct lobules. Female with
uterus two-horned, and the clitoris perforated by the urethra. Mamme
variable.

PROSIMIAE.

ANTHROPOIDEA.
FAMILIES.

. Fore limbs withdrawn completely from the locomotive series, and trans-

ferred to the cephalic (Dana). Form habitually erect, except in infancy.
Feet with the great toe produced, and in same plane with others. Teeth
in an uninterrupted series. Hair scant. (bimana.)

HOMINIDAE. (I.)

II. Fore limbs more or less employed in progression. Form prone, exception-

ally erect. Feet with the great toe more or less abbreviated, thumb-like,

51

and opposable to the others. Dental series interrupted by diastemas,
especially in the upper jaw between canines and incisors. Hair dense.
(Simie.)

A. A bony external auditory meatus well developed, at the bottom of
which is the membrana tympani. Pre-molars 3x2. (Teeth M 2 PM 2
C1122.) Nose with the median septum thin and narrow (exception-
ally, broad), and the nostrils correspondingly approximated. (Simie
catarrhine.)

1. Spinal column with a slight sigmoid curve; lumbar as well as dorsal
neural spines directed more or less backwards. Sacrum large and
solid, composed of four vertebre tapering gradually backwards.
Sternum broad and short, with three or four bones between the manu-
brium and xiphoid cartilage. Anterior limbs much longer than

posterior.
SIMIIDAE. (II.)

2. Spinal column with a simple curve; neural spines of lumbar and
last dorsal vertebre inclined forwards. Sacrum moderate, composed
generally ofthree vertebre not tapering gradually. Sternum elongated
and narrow. Anterior limbs shorter than posterior; rarely elongated.

CYNOPITHECIDAE, (III.)

B. Bony external auditory meatus null, and the tympanic membrane
attached to a ring close to the surface. Pre-molars 3x2. Nose with
the septum broad and flattened (exceptionally, narrow), and the nostrils
proportionally distant. (Simic platyrhine.)

1. Teeth (M3 PM 3CiI12x2=) 35. Manus with inner digit (when

developed) more or less slightly opposable to the rest.
CEBIDAE, (IV.)

2. Teeth (M 2 PM 3C +1 2x2=) 32. Manus with inner digit not
opposable, but on same plane as rest; all armed with elongated com-

pressed claws.
MIDIDAE. (V.)

I, HOMINIDAE, | C
Single genus.
Homo.

II. SIMIIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.

I. Form robust. Ilia broad, alate. Cerebrum projecting backwards
the cerebellum. Buttocks without callosities.

%

II. Form slender. Ilia narrow, not alate. Cerebrum scarcely or not pro-

jecting backwards over the cerebellum. Buttocks with callosities.
HYLOBATINAE. (B.)

52

A, SIMIINAE.
Gorilla I. Geoff.
Mimetes Leach=Troglodytes, Geoff.= Anthropopithecus, Bl.
Simia Linn.= Pithecus Geott.

B. HYLOBATINAE,
Siamanga Gray.
Hylobates Il.

Extinct Simiide?

Pliopithecus Gerv.
Dryopithecus Lartet.

Ill. CYNOPITHECIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.

I. Stomach complex; the cardiac portion dilated; the pyloric elongated.

Cheek pouches obsolete.
SEMNOPITHECINAE. (A.)

II. Stomach simple, asin man. Cheek pouches developed.
CYNOPITHECINAE. (B.)

A. SEMNOPITHECINAE.
Nasalis Geoff.
Lasiopyga Ill., Gray.
Semnopithecus F. Cuv.
Colobus Ill.
Guereza Gray.

B. CYNOPITHECINAH.

ee
Miopithecus I. Geoff.
Cercopithecus Erxl.
Cercopithecus sensu strict. Chlorocebus Gray.
§. 2.

Cercocebus Geoff.
Macacus Lac., Desm.
Macacus sensu strict. Silenus Gray.
Inuus Geoff.
Theropithecus I. Geoff.=Gelada Gray.
Cynopithecus I. Geoff.

§. 3.
Papio Erxl., Cuv., Geoff.= Cynocephalus Lac.
Cynocephalus, sensu strict. Hamadryas Less., Gray.
Mandrilla Cuv.,= Mormon Less.
Mormon, Gray, not Ill. Choeropithecus Gray.

Extinct Cynopithecide.
Mesopithecus Gaudry.

Coenopithecus Rutimeyer.

53

IV. CEBIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES,
I. Cerebrum with posterior lobe abbreviated, scarcely covering the cerebel-
lum behind. MHyoid bone and thyroid cartilage greatly developed: hyoid
bone expanded into a,sub-globular drum, with thin osseous walls, the
larger cornua projecting backwards, the lesser obsolete. Incisors vertical.
MYCETINAE. (A.)

II. Cerebrum with posterior lobe enlarged, extending backwards much
beyond the cerebellum. Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage moderate.

A. Incisors vertical.

1. Cerebrum with convolutions well marked. Tail more or less pre-
hensile.
CEBINAE. (BJ

2. Cerebrum with convolutions obsolete. Tail not prehensile.
NYCTIPITHECINAE. (C.)

B. Incisors inclined forwards. Tail more or less abbreviated and bushy.
PITHECIINAE. (D.)

A. MYCETINAE.
Aluatta Lac.=WMycetes Ill.

B. CEBINAE.
S20
Cebus Erxl.

§.°2.
Sapajou uac.= Ateles Geoff.
Eviodes 1. Geoff. =Brachyteles Gray.
Lagothrix Geoff.

C. NYCTIPITHECINAE.
Gets
Nyctipithecus Spix=Aotus (Humb) Ill. (Inapplicable.)

§. 2.
Callithrix Geoff.

Saimiris Geoff., Gerv.= Chrysothrix Wagn.

D,. PITHECIINAE.
Pithecia Desm.
Chiropotes Ill., Gray.
Brachyurus Spix==Ouakaria Gray.

Extinct Cebide.
Protopithecus Lund.

54.

V. MIDIDAE,
GENERA.
Saguinus Lac=Hapale Geoff.
Hapale Gray. Jacchus Gray.
Cebuella Gray. Mico Gray.
Midas Geoff.
Leontopithecus Gray. Oedipus Gray.
Midas Gray. Seniocebus Gray.
PROSIMIAE.
FAMILIES.

I. Teeth of three kinds, the canines being retained through life. Incisors
small, with simple roots. Pectoral mammez developed, in addition to
inguinal ones. (Owen.) (Lemuroidea.)

A. Fibula entirely distinct from the tibia. Skull with the orbits open
behind. Incisors of upper jaw small, (rarely wanting,) separated into
two groups by asymphysial interspace; of lower jaw, larger, contiguous,
and proclivous; canines of lower jaw parallel with and like incisors.
Pes with the second tue armed with a subulate claw; rest with flattened
nails.

LEMURIDAE.

B. Fibula partially anchylosed with the tibia. Skull with the orbits parti-
ally closed behind by the union above of the alisphenoid with the jugal.
Incisors of upper jaw (4) contiguous, inner large and conic; of lower
(2) contiguous and opposed to large upper teeth: canines of lower jaw
normal. Pes with the second and third toes armed with subulate nails;
rest with flattened pointed nails.

TARSIIDAE.

II. Teeth of two kinds, the canines being early deciduous. Incisors 2, gli-
riform, continually reinforced from the formative pulp; the fangs very
long, those of the lower jaw extending backwards to the base of the coro-
noid processes. Inguinal teats only developed.—Manus with the middle
finger very attenuated, and provided with a narrow scooped nail; rest of
nails (except of thumb of pes) similar, subulate. (Daubentonioidea.)

DAUBENTONIIDAE.

SUPER-FAMILY LEMUROIDEA.

VI. LEMURIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Teeth 30; i.e. M3 P.M. 20.41. =x2,

(VI.)

(VII.)

(VIII.)

INDRISINAE, (A.)

II. Teeth 86 (exceptionally 32); i.e. M. 3 P.M. 3 C. 4 I. =x2 (exception-
ally, I. ¢ in adult).

A. Tarsus short or of moderate length.

55

1. Hind limbs considerably longer than the fore. Neural spines of last
dorsal and lumbar vertebre inclined forwards. Ears (in typical forms)
moderate, with the anterior portion of the helix well developed, folded
over the fosse of the concha and antihelix, and with the tragus and
antitragus distinct. Tail elongated, not less than two-thirds the length
of body.

LEMURINAE.

2. Hind and fore limbs sub-equal, or fore ones shorter. Neural spines
of dorsal and lumbar vertebre inclined backwards. Ear (in typical
forms) small, with the helix little marked, and tragus and antitragus
obsolete. Tail short (always shorter than half the length of the body),
rudimentary, or absent. (Mivart.)

NYCTICEBIN AE,

B. Tarsus very long; caleaneum more than one-third the length of the
tibia; naviculare much longer than the cuboid (Mivart).—Hind limbs
much longer than the fore. Neural spines of the twelfth or thirteenth
dorsal vertebre turned forwards. Ear very large, with the pinna pro-
longed upwards.

GALAGININAE.

A. INDRISINAE.

Indris Cuv. Geoff.==Zichanotus I1l.==Pithelemnr Less.
Propithecus Benn.=Macromerus Smith.
Microrhynchus Jourd.—=Avahis Geoff.

B, LEMURINAE.
Lemur Linn.
Varecia Gray. Prosimia Gray.

Lemur Gray.

Hapalemur I. Geoff.
- _Hapalemur Gray. Prolemur Gray.
Lepilemur I. Geoff.
Chirogaleus Geoff. (St. G. Mivart.)—=Myspithecus F. Cuv.

Cc. NYCTICEBINAE.
qc As
Perodicticus Benn.
Arctocebus Gray, Huxl.

3. 2.
Nycticebus Geoff.=Stenops Il1l.=Bradylemur (Blainv.) Less.
Loris Geoff.=Arachnocebus Less.

D. GALAGININAE.
Galago Geoff.=Otolicnus Il.

Otolemur Coq.= Callotus Gray. Otogale Gray.

Galago sensu strict. Hemigalago Dahlb.
Microcebus Geoff.

Murilemur Gray. Phaner Gray.

Azema Gray. Mirza Gray.

(B.)

(C.)

(D.)

56

VII. TARSIIDAE.

Tarsius Storr=Macrotarsus C. & G.==Cephalopachus Sw.=lHypsicebus Less.

SUPER-FAMILY DAUBENTONIOIDEA.
VIII. DAUBENTONIIDAE.

.

Daubentonia Geoft.=Aye-aye Lac.= Cheiromys Cuv.

FERAE.
SUB-ORDERS.

I. Body more or less raised, with the legs exserted beyond the elbows and
knees, and with the feet (generally with free toes) adapted for walking.
Manus and pes with first phalanges and digits not enlarged nor produced
beyond the others (attypically more or less reduced or even atrophied).
Skull moderately compressed between the orbits: with a distinct lachry-
mal bone, perforated by a canal (the lachrymal), and more or less exserted
outside the orbit, and, in conjunction with the malar, forming the anterior
margin of the orbit: palatines extending forwards laterally between the
frontal and maxillary bones, and leaving no vacuity. Tympanic bound-
ed behind by the exoccipital. Deciduous dentition well developed.

FISSITEDIA.

II. Body prone, with the legs confined in the common integument beyond
the elbows and knees, (with the feet rotated backwards, and with toes con-
nected together), and especially adapted for swimming. Manus and pes
with first phalanges and digits enlarged and produced beyond the others.
Skull much compressed between the orbits: with a lachrymal bone early
united with the maxillary, imperforate, and entirely contained within the
orbit: malar applied to the inner side of a transverse zygomatic process of
the maxillary and not continued to the front of the orbit (which is there-
fore bounded by the maxillary): palatines not extending forwards later-
ally, extensive vacuities intervening between the frontal and maxillary
bones. Tympanic separated from the exoccipitals by a vacuity as well as
by the re-entering periotic bones. Deciduous dentition much reduced

and rudimentary. PI
NNIPEDIA.

FISSIPEDIA.
FAMILIES.

. Skull with the paroccipital process applied closely to the auditory bulla;
the mastoid process small or obsolete; external auditory meatus very
short or imperfect. Intestinal canal provided with a ccecum. Prostate
gland salient.

—

A. Skull with carotid canal minute and superficial or obsolete; condyloid
foramen and foramen lacerum posticum debouching in a common
fossa: glenoid foramen minute or null. Os penis rudimentary (in
Cryptoproctide, enlarged). Cowper’s glands present. (Aeluroidea.)

57

1. Teeth 28-30 (M 4, PM $ or 2,C 1,1 3X2): true molar of upper jaw
small, tubercular; of lower, sectorial. Snout very short, decurved.
Bulla divided by a septum into posterior and anterior chambers com-
municating with each other by a narrow aperture. (Aeluroidea
typica.)

a. Body compact. Feet digitigrade, with the palms and soles hairy.
Skull with no alisphenoid canal.

FELIDAE.

b. Body elongated, viverriform. Feet plantigrade, with the palms and
soles bald. Skull with a distinct alisphenoid canal.

CRYPTOPROCTIDAE. (X.)

2. Teeth 32-34, diversiform, but no tubercular (or second true) molar
in lower jaw. Snout moderate, depressed. Bulla with no septum.
Feet digitigrade. (Aeluroidea hyentformia.)

a. Teeth 32 (M —? PM =? C1, I 3x2); molars very small and

1
distant; no functionalized sectorial molars.

PROTELIDAE,

b. Teeth 34 (M1, PM 4, C 1,122); molars large and approximated ;
true molar of upper jaw reduced, tubercular; last pre-molar sec-

torial, feline: true molar of lower jaw sectorial.
HYZENIDAE.

3. Teeth 36-40 (M 2—rarely 1—PM 4—exceptionally $—C 4, I 2x2);
true molars of the upper, and last of the lower jaw tubercular. Snout
moderate or elongated, depressed. Auditory bulladivided. (Aeluro-
idea viverriformia. )

a. Skull irregularly flattened behind above foramen magnum; with
the snout moderate or robust. Incisors approximated; canines

robust.
VIVERRIDAE.

b. Skull convex behind above foramen magnum (at least, especially
so in young); with the snout slender. Incisors not approximated ;

canines small.
EUPLERIDAE.,

B. Skull with the carotid canal well developed, but opening into the
foramen lacerum posticum ; condyloid foramen distinct; glenoid foramen
patent. Os penis large. Cowper’s glands not developed. ( Cynoidea.)

1. Teeth typically 42; varying between 38 and 46 (the true molars
being the varying element.—M 2 (4-2), PM 4, C +, 1 3X2).
CANIDAE,

II. Skull with the paroccipital process not closely applied to the auditory
bulla; the mastoid process prominent and projecting outwards or down-
wards behind the external auditory meatus; external auditory meatus
diversiform. Intestinal canal with noccecum. Prostate gland not salient,
being contained in the thickened walls of the urethra.—Skull with the

(XI.)

(x0.)

(XIII)

(XIV.)

(ZV.)

58

carotid canal distinct, and more or less in advance of the foramen lacerum
posticum; condyloid foramen also distinct from the foramen lacerum
posticum ; glenoid foramen generally well defined. Os penis very large.
Cowper’s glands not developed.—( Arctoidea.)

A. True molars of upper jaw one (M 3; rarely—in Mellivorine—t) ;
last pre-molar of upper jaw sectorial (rarely—in Enhydrine—with blunt

tubercles). (Arctoidea musteliformia. )
MUSTELIDAE, (XVI.)

B. True molars of upper jaw two; last pre-molar of upper jaw tubercular
(rarely—in Bassaridide—sectorial).

1. Last molar of upper jaw oblong and exceeding the first: three true
molars in lower jaw; first narrowest but longest; second oblong and
broader. Foramen lacerum posticum introrse, behind the postero-
internal angle of the tympanic bone; carotid canal little in advance
of the foramen lacernm posticum. Tail rudimentary. (Arctoidea
typica.)
URSIDAE. (XVIZ.)

2. Last molar of upper jaw more or less transverse and compressed
forwards; two true molars in lower jaw; first broadest. Foramen
lacerum posticum antrorse from postero-internal angle of the tympanic
bone ; carotid canal nearly at or in advance of middle of inner wall
of the auditory bulla. Tail well developed. (Arctoidea procyoni-
formia.)

a. Alisphenoid canal developed: auditory bulla very small, and with
a very prolonged bony floor to the auditory meatus: paroccipital
process long and trigonal, standing backwards and outwards, quite
unconnected with the bulla. (Flower.)—Teeth 36 (M 2, PM 3, C 4,
I3 x2).
AELURIDAE. (XVIII.)

b. Alisphenoid canal none: auditory bulla well developed, and with
a short bony floor to the auditory meatus: paroccipital process
short and blunt, somewhat hooked, generally contiguous to the
bulla at the base.

b. 1. Teeth 36 (M 2, PM 3,C 1,132); last pre-molar of upper
jaw and first molar of lower tubercular. Snout abbreviated, de-
curved. Lower jaw very stout, with an extensive anchylosed
symphysis, with high coronoid processes, and extended back-

wards and downwards at the angles.
CERCOLEPTIDAE. (XIX.)

b. 2. Teeth 40 (M 2, PM 4, C 4, 1 2X2); last pre-molar of upper
jaw and first molar of lower tubercular. Lower jaw moderate or
slender, with a reduced symphysis, with recurved coronoid pro-
cesses, and extended upwards to the angles, which are near the

condyles.
PROCYONIDAE, (XX.)

59

b. 3. Teeth 40 (M 2, PM #4, C 1, I 2x2), resembling those of
Canide; first upper pre-molars sometimes deciduous; last pre-
molar of upper jaw and first molar of lower sectorial. Lower jaw

as in Procyonide.
BASSARIDIDAE. (XXI.)

Familiz incertz sedis.

1. Teeth 32? (M 2? PM 2? C1? 13; x2)? last pre-molar of lower jaw
moderate; first molar obtusely sectorial ; second oblong, tuberculated.

SIMOCYONIDAE. (XXII.)

2. Teeth 44 (M2, PM 4, C 1,1 3x2)? last pre-molar of upper jaw tri-

tuberculate; true molars tuberculate.
ARCTOCYONIDAE. (XXIII.)

3. Teeth 44? (M 2, PM 4, C 1, I 3x2)? last pre-molar of lower jaw
enlarged ; first as well as second and third molars sectorial.
HYZNODONTIDAE. (XXIV.)

SUPER-FAMILY AELUROIDEA.

IX. FELIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES,

I. Canine teeth of upper jaw moderate, with transversely convex anterior
and posterior margins; those of lower jaw equal to upper and much ex-
ceeding adjoining incisors.

A. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw with an inwardly projecting antero-internal

lobe. Claws retractile.
FELINAE. (A)

B. Sectorial tooth ef upper jaw with no internal lobe. Claws not re-
tractile.
GUEPARDINAE. (.)
II. Canine teeth of upper jaw enormously developed, compressed, and with
distal trenchant anterior and posterior margins; those of lower jaw re-
duced in inverse ratio, and not much larger than the adjoining incisors.
(Sectorial tooth of upper jaw with a transverse inner lobe some distance

in front of the anterior end of the tooth.)
MACHAERODONTINAE. (C.)

A, FELINAE,

Lynz Raf.
Lyncus Gray. Caracal Gray.
Neofelis Gray.
Viverriceps Gray.
Felis Linn.
Uncia Gray. Leo Gray.
Tigris Gray. . Leopardus Gray.
Pardalina Gray. Catolynx Gray.

60

Pajeros Gray. Felis Gray.
Chaus Gray.
Aelurina Gerv.=Ailurogale Fitz.

B, GUEPARDINAE,
Gueparda Gray.

Cc. MACHAERODONTINAE.
All extinct.

Drepanodon Nesti, Bronn.
Macherodus Kaup, Bronn.
Smilodon Lund, Bronn.

Other Felidae of Extinct Genera.

Pseudelurus Gerv.

Trucifelis Leidy.

? Dinictis Leidy.

? Aelurodon Leidy.

X. CRYPTOPROCTIDAE.
Single Genus.

Cryptoprocta Bennett.

XI. PROTELIDAE.
Single Genus.
Proteles I. Geoff.

XII. HYAENIDAE.
Genera.
Hyaena Linn,
Crocuta Gray.

XIII. VIVERRIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES,

I. Auditory bulla divided by an oblique groove into two portions; an an-
terior with the auditory meatus, and a posterior more inflated and larger
portion. (Flower.) Toes short, regularly arched; the last phalanges

bent up, withdrawing the claws into a sheath; claws sharp.
Aeluropodae.)

(Gray, s.

A. Nose simple, flat, bald, and with a central groove beneath.—Gray, s.

Viverrida.

1. Digitigrade: the under-side of the hind feet hairy, except the pads,
metatarsus, and sometimes a small part of the tarsus. Upper flesh-
tooth elongate; upper tubercular grinders small, transverse.—Gray.

a. Body robust; tubercular grinders two above, one below on each

side (?7—?).—Gray.

VIVERRINAE, (A,)

61

b. Body slender, elongate; tubercular grinders one on each side

above and below (1-1).—Gray.
PRIONODONTINAE, (B.)

2. Subplantigrade: the under-side of the toes and more or less of the
back of the tarsus naked, callous. Flesh-tooth strong; upper tuber-
cular grinders large, broad.

a. Tail moderate, not prehensile. The hinder part of the tarsus

hairy to the palm; the tail bushy.
GALIDIINAE. (C.)

b. Tail moderate, not prehensile. The upper part of the hinder part
of the tarsus hairy to the palm; tail ringed. (Gray.) Sectorial

tooth with large tubercular ledge.
HEMIGALIINAE. (D.)

ce. Tail very long, sub-convolute. The hinder part of the tarsus bald,

callous. (Gray.) Sectorial tooth typical.
PARADOXURINAE. (E.)

d. Tail thick, strong, prehensile. The hinder part of the tarsus
bald, callous. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw transverse, sub-tuber-

cular.
ARCTICTIDINAE. (@.)

B. Nose rather produced, rounded, hairy, and without any central groove
below (Gray, s. Cynogalide). Sectorial tooth with an extensive tuber-

cular ledge.
CYNOGALINAE. (G.)

II. Auditory bulla very prominent and somewhat pyriform, divided by a
transverse constriction into two portions; the anterior nearly as large and
inflated as the posterior. (Flower.) Toes straight; the last phalanx and
claws extended. The claws blunt and worn at the end, the front ones
often elongated. (Gray, s. Cynopoda.)

A. Nose flat and bald, beneath with a central groove. (Gray, s. Herpes-
tide.)

1. Head elongate, conical; tail conical or cylindrical. (Gray.)
HERPESTINAE. (H.)

2. Head short, ventricose; tail bushy, expanded laterally; claws

elongate. (Gray.) CYNICTIDINAE, (.)

B. Nose broad, convex, and hairy, beneath without any central groove.
(Gray, s. Rhinogalidae.) .

1. Head elongate, nose short. Teeth 40. False grinders 3. (Gray.)
RHINOGALINAE, (J.)

2. Head ventricose. Nose elongate. Teeth 36. False grinders 3

ny e
(Gray.)
CROSSARCHINAE. (&.)

62

A. VIVERRINAE.

Beals
Viverra Linn.
Viverricula Hodgson.

§. 2.

Genetta Cuv.
Genetta Gray.

B. PRIONODONTINAE,

Prionodon Horsfield.=Linsang Gray.
Poiana Gray.

Cc. GALIDIINAE.
Galidia I. Geoff.

D. HEMIGALIINAE,

Hemigale Jourdan.

E. PARADOXURINAE.

Nandinia Gray.
Paradozurus F. Cuv.
Paguma Gray.
Arctogale Peters.

F, ARCTICTIDINAE.

Arctictis Temm.=/ctides F. Cuv.

G. CYNOGALINAE.
Cynogale Gray.
A, HERPESTIN AEX,

Galidictis 1. Geoff.
Herpestes Illig.
Athylax F. Cuv.
Calogale Gray.
Galerella Gray.
Calictis Gray.
Ariela Gray.
Ichneumia I. Geoff.
Bdeogale Peters.
Urva Hodgson.
Teniogale Gray.
Onychogale Gray.
Helogale Gray.

I. CYNICTIDINAE.
Cynictis Ogilby.

J. RHINOGALINAE.

Rhinogale Gray.
Mungos Ogilby.

’ Fossa Gray.

63

K. CROSSARCHINAE.
Crossarchus F. Cuv.
Suricata Desm.=Rhyzena, Illig.

Extinct Viverridae?
Paleonyctis Blainv.
Soricictis Pomel.
Amphichneumon Pomel.
Galeotherium Wagner, (not Jacq.)

XIV. EUPLERIDAE.

Single genus.
Eupleres Doyére.

SUPER-FAMILY CYNOIDEA.

XV. CANIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.

I. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw elongated, and with the antero-internal
lobe projecting directly inwards; of lower jaw, elongated and narrowed
forwards and with the externo-median lobe enlarged: true molars in

upper jaw two (rarely one), tubercular.
CANINAE, (A.)

II. Sectorial tooth of upper jaw abbreviated, triangular, and with the antero-
internal lobe large and ledge-like; of lower jaw, comparatively short and
broad forwards, and with the externo-median lobe reduced; true molars
of upper jaw three, tubercular.
MEGALOTINAE. (B.)

A. CANINAE,

¢. 1.
Lycaon Brookes.
ax 2.
Icticyon Lund=Cynalicus Gray==Melictes Schinz.
¢. 3.
Cyon Hodgson.
@. 4.
Canis Linn.
Canis=Canis+ Lupus Gray. Dieba Gray.
Simenia Gray. Crysocyon H. Smith.
Lucalopex Burm.
Pseudalopex Burm.
Lycalopex Gray. Thous Gray.
3. 5.
Vulpes.
Vulpes. Leucocyon Gray.
Fennecus Gray.
¢. 6

Urocyon Baird.

Os
“I

Nyctereutes Temminck.

B. MEGALOTINAE.

Megalotis Blainv.=Agriodus H. Smith=Otocyon Licht.

Extinct Canidae? incertae sedis.
Amphicyon Lartet.
Cynodon Aym.
Galecynus Owen.
Paleocyon Lund, (not Blainv.)
Speothos Lund.

SUPER-FAMILY ARCTOIDEA.
XVI. MUSTELIDAE.

SUB-FAMILIES,

I. Skull with the cerebral portion comparatively compressed backwards;
and with the rostral portion comparatively produced, attenuated, and
transversely convex above; anteorbital foramen small and opening for-
wards. Feet with little developed or no interdigital membrane.

A. Auditory bulla much inflated, undivided, bulging, and convex forwards ;
periotic region extending little outwards or backwards. Palate moder-
ately emarginated.

1. Last molar of upper jaw (M +) transverse, (with the inner ledge in-
flated at its inner angle;) sectorial tooth with a single inner cusp.

a. Mi; First true molar (sectorial) of lower jaw followed by a small
second (tubercular) one. Toes short, regularly arched, and with
the last phalanges bent up, withdrawing the claws into sheaths.
(Gray.)

MUSTELINAE.

b. M4; first true molar (sectorial) of lower jaw only developed. Toes
straight, with the last phalanges and claws extended; the latter
non-retractile. (Gray.)

MELLIVORINAE.

2. Last molar of upper jaw (M =) enlarged and more or less extended
longitudinally.—M 4. Toes straight, with the last phalanges and
claws extended; the latter non-retractile. (Gray.)

MELINAE,

B. Auditory bulla elongated and extending backwards close to the par-
occipital process. (Flower.) Palate moderately emarginated.

1. Last molar of upper jaw (M =) transverse; (with the inner ledge
narrowed inwards): sectorial tooth with two inner cusps.

HELICTIDIN AE,

C. Auditory bulla inflated, undivided, with the anterior inferior extremity
pointed and commonly united to the prolonged hamular process of the
pterygoid. (Klower.) Palate moderately emarginated.

(A.)

(C.)

(B.)

.)

65

1, Last molar of upper jaw (1 ~) transverse; (with the inner ledge
compressed).
ZORILLINAB. (@.)
D. Auditory bulla little inflated, transversely constricted behind the mea-
tus auditorius externus and thence inwards; in front flattened forwards:
periotic region expanded outwards and backwards. Palate deeply
emarginated.

1. Last molar of upper jaw (M ~) quadrangular, wide, but with an
extended outer incisorial ledge.
MEPHITINAE. (.)

II. Skull with the cerebral portion swollen backwards and outwards; and

with the rostral portion abbreviated, high and truncated forwards, and

widened and depressed above: anteorbital foramen enlarged and pro-

duced downwards and backwards. Feet with well-developed interdigital
membrane, and adapted for swimming.

A. Teeth normal, 36 (M 4, PM 4, Ci, I 2x2): sectorial tooth (pM +)
normal, efficient, with an expanded inner ledge; the other molars
submusteline. Posterior feet with normally long digits.
LUTBINAE. (G.)
B. Teeth very aberrant, 32 (M 3, PM 3, C 1, I 3—the lower inner incisors
being lost— x2): sectorial tooth (PM =) defunctionalized as such,
compressed from before backwards; the other molars also with blunted

cusps. Posterior feet with elongated digits.
ENHYDRINAB. (&.)

A. MUSTELINAE.
Spee
(Digitigrade. )

Mustela L., Guv.=Martes Gray (Les Martes—Justela Cuv).
Putorius Cuv.=Foetorius Keys. and Blas.

Putorius Gray.

Gymnopus Gray.

Gale Wagner=Mustela Gray, not Cuv.

Lutreola Wagner= Vison Gray.

$52
(Plantigrade.)
Galictis Bell=Eirara Lund.
Galera Gray. Grisonia Gray.
§. 3.

(Sub-plantigrade.)
Gulo Storr.
B. MELINAE.
Taxidea Waterh.
Meles Storr=Tazxus Cuv.
Mydaus F. Cuv.
Arctonyx F. Cuv.=Synarchus Gloger.

August, 1871.

66

C. MELLIVORINAE.
Mellivora Storr=Ratelus Gray=Lipo/us Lund.

D. MEPHITINAE.
Conepatus Gray=Thiosmus Licht. < Marpu‘ius Gray.
Mephitis Cuv., Gray.
Spilogale Gray.

E. ZORILLINAE.
Zorilla Gray=Rhabdogale Wagn.=TIctonyx Lund.

F. HELICTIDINAE,
Helictis Gray=Melogale I. Geoff.= Rhinogale Gloger, not Gray.

@. LUTRINAE,
§. 1:

Barangia Gray=Leptonyx Less., Gerv.

Aonyzx Less., Gerv., Gray.

Lontra Gray=Saricovia Less. =Loutra Gerv. (misprint).

Lutra Linn.
Lutra Gray. Nutria Gray.
Lutronectes Gray.

Hydrogale Gray.

Lutax Gray (not Gloger)=Latazia Gerv.

§. 2.

Pteronura Gray, Gerv.=Pterura Wiegm.

H, ENHYDRINAE.
Enhydris Fleming=Lataz Gloger.

Extinct Mustelide? incerte sedis.

Palaeomephitis Jiger=Palacobassaris Paul von Wurt.
Palaeogale Meyer.

Plesiogale Pomel.

Plesictis Pomel.

Putoriodus Pomel.

Potamotherium Geoff.=? Lutrictis Pomel=? Stephanodon Meyer.
Thalassictis Nordm.

Galeotherium Jiger (not Wagner).

Enhydriodon Fale.=Amyzxodon Fale.

Ursitaxus Falc.

XVII. URSIDAE.
Genera.
@. als

Thalassarctos Gray.
Ursus Linn.

67

Ursus Gray. Myrmarctos Gray.
Tremarctos Gerv.
Helarctos Horsf.

§. 2.
Melursus Meyer=Prochilus Ill.

Extinct Ursidae ?
(Family? Hycenarctidae?)

Hycenarctos Cautl. and Fale.=Agriotherium Wagn.=Sivalarctos-+ Amphiarctos Blainv.

= Hemicyon Lartet.

XVIII. AELURIDAE.

Genus.
Aelurus F. Cuv.

XIX. CERCOLEPTIDAE.

Genus.

Cercoleptes Nliger=Kinkojou Lac.=Potos Cuv.=Caudivolvulus Desm.

XX. PROCYONIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES,

I. Snout attenuated. Auditory bulla small, abruptly contracted, flattened
forwards and towards the external auditory meatus. Mastoid process little
developed, extrorse behind meatus.

NASUINAE.

II. Snout comparatively abbreviated. Auditory bulla large, sloping gradu-
ally towards the external auditory meatus. Mastoid process enlarged and
prolonged downwards.

PROCYONINAE,

A. NASUINAE,
Nasua Storr=Coati Lac.

B. PROCYONINAE,
Procyon Storr.

Procyonidae? of extinct genera.
Tylodon Gerv.
Leptarcios Leidy.

XXI. BASSARIDIDAE.

Genus.
Bassaris Licht.

FISSIPEDIA INCERTAE SEDIS.
XXII. SIMOCYONIDAE.

Extinct.
Simocyon Kaup=Diaphorus Gaudry.

(A.)

(B.)

68

XXIII. ARCTOCYONIDAE.
Extinct.

Arctocyon Blainv.+Palaeocyon Blainy. (not Lund).

XXIV. HYAENODONTIDAE.
Extinct.

Hyaenodon de Laiz & de Par.=? Hyaenodon+ Taxotherium+-Pterodon Blainv.

Fissipedium Genera incertae sedis.

Acanthodon Meyer.
Harpagodon Meyer.
Patriofelis Leidy.
Sinopa Leidy.

(Hyaenidae?)

Lycyaena Hensel.
Hyaenictis Gaudry.

( Viverridae?)

Ictitherium Gaudry.

PINNIPEDIA.
FAMILIES.

I. Molar teeth 2 or #; canines of both jaws moderately developed, those of
upper jaw being scarcely larger than those of lower; incisors persistent.
(Phocovdea.)

A. Form comparatively archetypical, with the hinder legs flexible for-
wards. Small ear conchs developed. Skull with the mastoid processes
strong and salient, standing aloof from the auditory bullae; with well-
developed post-orbital processes, and alisphenoid canals. Incisors ($)
of upper jaw notched. Anterior limbs about as large as the posterior ;
their feet with digits decreasing in a curved line and without claws:
posterior feet with all their digits nearly co-terminal and furnished with
long linguiform flaps extending beyond their tips; the three middle toes

alone clawed.
OTARIIDAE. (XXV.)

B. Form attypically phociform, with the hinder legs projected back-
wards and not flexible forwards. Har conchs obsolete. Skull with the
mastoid processes swollen, and seeming to form part of the auditory
bullae; the post-orbital processes null or obsolete: no alisphenoid
canals. Incisors (variable in number—$§ or 4, or $—) of upper jaw not
notched. Anterior limbs smaller than the posterior; the feet with the
digits successively abbreviated and armed with claws; the posterior
flippers emarginated (the third and fourth digits being shortest), and

provided with claws (rarely suppressed).
PHOCIDAE. (XXVI.)

69

II. Molar teeth 5 3, the posterior generally caducous in adult: canines of
upper jaw greatly hypertrophied and developed as tusks; those of lower
jaw atrophied: incisors, except external of upper jaw, deciduous. (os-

maroidea. )

A. Form comparatively etypical, with the hinder legs flexible forwards.
Ear conchs obsolete. Skull with the mastoid processes strong and
salient; the surface continuous with the auditory bullae; no postorbital
processes; distinct alisphenoid canals. Anterior limbs about as large
as posterior; feet with the toes decreasing in a curved line, destitute of
claws: posterior feet with the five digits scarcely increasing toward

inner; all provided with claws.
ROSMARIDAE. (XXVII.)

SUPER-FAMILY PHOCOIDEA.
XXV. OTARIIDAE.

Genera.
$5 12
Zalophus Gill.
Zalophus sensu strict. Neophoca Gray.
§. 2.

Eumetopias Gill.
Otaria Peron.
Oturia sensu strict. Phocarctos Peters, Gray.
Arctocephalus F. Cuv.=Halarctos Gill.
Arctocephalus Gray.
Gypsophoca Gray.
Arctophoca Peters=Euotaria Gray.
Callirhinus Gray.

XXVI. PHOCIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.

I. Maxillar zygomatic process with the posterior surface subvertical or very
oblique. Malar oblong—rhomboid, emarginated above and below.

A. Intermaxillaries narrow, prolonged, and wedged behind between the
supramaxillaries and nasals. Nasal bones narrow, diminishing in

width backwards. Incisors $; exceptionally 4.
PHOCINAE. (A.)

B. Intermaxillaries terminating far from nasals. Nasal bones narrow and
shortened. Incisors $.
CYSTOPHORINAE. (B.)
II. Maxillar zygomatic process with its lower and posterior surface extended
horizontally backwards, and its angle continued far behind along the inner
side of the malar. Malar elongated, bow-shaped, and curved upward in
front.

A. Intermaxillaries narrow, not continued backward between nasals and
supramaxillaries. Nasal cavity expanded, with the nasal bones widest

toward the middle and very long. Incisors {.
STENORHYNCHINAE. (C.)

70

A. PHOCINAE,

oa. "
Phoca Linn., Gill=Callocephalus F. Cuv., Gray.
Callocephalus Gray. Halicyon Gray.
Pagomys Gray.
Pagophilus Gray.
Erignathas Gill=Phoca Gray, not Linn.
4
Halichoerus Nilss.
we

Monachus Flem.=Pelagios F. Cuv.=Heliophoca Gray.

B. CYSTOPHORINAE,

Cystophora Nilss.=Stemmatopus F. Cuy.
Macrorhinus F. Cuv.=IMirounga Gray=Macrorhyna Gray=Morunga Gray.

Cc. STENORHYNCHINAK,

Lobodon Gray.
Stenorhynchus F. Cuv.
Leptonychotes=Leptonyx Gray, not Sw. 1821.
Ommatophoca Gray.

Extinct Phocidae?
Pachyodon Meyer.
Pristiphoca Gerv.

SUPER-FAMILY ROSMAROIDEA.
XXVII. ROSMARIDAE.
Single genus.

Rosmarus Scop.=Odobaenus (Briss.) Ill.=Trichechus auct. pl., not Linn.

Extinct Rosmaridae.

Trichechodon Lankester.

UNGULATA.

SUB-ORDERS.

I. Digits paired, the third and fourth being subequally developed and ex-
serted; (the fifth, generally, nearly corresponding in size and position to
the second, and, generally, developed—or atrophied—in nearly equal
degree ;) the articulating phalanges and proximal carpal and tarsal bones
correspondingly modified. Astragalus with its anterior or inferior articular
surface divided by a crest into two sub-equal facets. Femur without
a third trochanter, and with its shaft generally perforated at the fore and

(@:

upper part by the medullary artery. Dorso-lumbar vertebrae, generally,
nineteen in number (d. 12—15+1. 7—4.) Skull with the intermaxillary
bones flattened above towards the symphysis, and with the incisors, when
present, diverging towards their roots. Stomach more or less subdivided
er complex: coecum comparatively small and simple.

ARTIODACTYLA.

II. Digits unpaired or unequal, the third being the largest and most exserted ;

4

. Molars (M) attypically each with two double crescentiform folds, whos

(the fourth nearly co-equal in size and position with the second; fifth—
of hind foot, at least,—atrophied;) the articulating phalanges and carpal :
and tarsal bones correspondingly modified. Astragalus with the anterior

_or inferior articular surface divided into two very unequal facets. Femur

with a third trochanter, and with its shaft perforated at the back-part by
the medullary artery. Dorso-lumbar vertebrae not less than twenty-two
in number (d. 18—19+1. 3—6). Skull with the intermaxillary bones
tectiform above and united towards the symphysis, and with the incisors,
when present, implanted subvertically and nearly parallel to their roots.
Stomach simple: coecum very much enlarged and sacculated.

PERISSODACTYLA.

ARTIODACTYLA.
FAMILIES.

convex surfaces are internal. Canines of lower jaw, attypically, re
sembling, and parallel with, incisors; (differentiated and specialized in‘ ea
Camelidae). Palatine bones contracted and compressed behind, thin, and ha

(at the walls of the posterior nares) separated by a wide sinus from the
terminal portion of the supramaxillary bones. Digestive system adapted
for rumination: stomach tripartite, or, attypically, quadripartite, a “ psal-
terium” being finally developed.—Axis with the odontoid process like
a spout, or hollow half-cylinder, and with a prominent sharp semi-circular
rim. (Flower.)—(Pecora; or, Ruminantia.)

* Incisors deciduous from upper as well as lower jaws. Canines of lower
jaw inclined forwards, with compressed cuneate crowns. Placenta and
stomach unknown. Chalicotheroidea.
One family. CHALICOTHERIIDAE. (XXVII a.)

** Incisors persistent in lower jaw.

A. Hind limbs with the proximal joint (femur) exserted and not contain-
ed within the common integument. Canines of lower jaw specialized
and differentiated from incisors. Incisors in part (7. e. lateral) persist-
entinupperjaw. Placenta diffuse. Stomach imperfectly quadripartite.
(Pecora tylopoda s. phalangigrada. )
One family. CAMELIDAE. (XXVIII.)

B. Hind limbs with the proximal joint (femur) not exserted but inclosed
within the common integument. Canines of lower jaw similar to and

62

parallel with the incisors. Incisors deciduous from upper jaw; per-
sistent in lower. Placenta and stomach diversiform. (Pecora unguli-
grada.)

1. Placenta polycotyledonary. Stomach quadripartite, a well-developed
psalterium being differentiated. Incisorial series of lower jaw unin-
terrupted at the symphysis. (Pecora unguligrada typica.)

a. Neck very long and slender, the cervical vertebrae (3-7) being
much elongated: the dorso-lumbar vertebrae comparatively ab-
breviated and declining backwards, the hinder limbs being shorter
than, or as short as, the anterior. Horns developed as epiphyses
of the frontals, and covered with an extension of the skin. (Giraf-
Joidea.)

One family. GIRAFFIDAE.

b. Neck comparatively more or less short, the cervical vertebrae
(83—7) being normally developed: the dorso-lumbar vertebrae
longer, and highest backwards, the hinder limbs being considerably
longer than the anterior. Horns diversiform. (Sooidea.)

i. Skull with the auditory bulla produced downwards, especially
towards the inside, and applied behind to the paroccipital pro-
cess. Styloid process deflected more or less forwards and en-
closed in an oblique fold on the outer surface of the auditory
bulla. Palatine axis declivous from the occipito-sphenoid axis.
(Booidea typica.)

a. Horns persistent, (common to both sexes,) and developed as
sheaths of true “horn’’ on osseous cores originating from the
frontal bones. Styloid process partially enclosed in a more or
less open canal.

a. 1. Olfactory organ extremely expanded and inflated above:
nasal bones much abbreviated, arched upwards, and entirely
separated from the supra-maxillaries as well as lachrymals,
the frontals projecting between the latter and the nasals.
Supra-maxillaries and inter-maxillaries reduced and atten-
uated forwards. Posterior nasal cavity with walls inflated

outwards.
SAIGIIDAE.

a. 2. Olfactory organ normally developed: nasal bones elonga-
ted, straight or declining forwards, and connected by suture
with the lachrymals, supra-maxillaries and sometimes with
the inter-maxillaries. Supra-maxillaries and inter-maxil-

laries well-developed forwards.
BOVIDAE.

b. Horns deciduous, peculiar to the rutting season, (in both
sexes,) developed as pseudocorneous sheaths with agglutinated
hairs on osseous cores originating from the frontal bones. Sty-

(XXIX)

(KK)

(XXXI.)

73

loid process completely inclosed in a canal by the lateral
extension of the base of the bony meatus auditorius.
ANTILOCAPRIDAE. (XXXII.)

ii. Skull with the auditory bulla little produced downwards and
applied only to the inner surface of the paroccipital process.
Styloid process directed downwards, interposed between the bulla
and paroccipital process, and not inclosed in an oblique fold of
the auditory bulla. Palatine axis nearly parallel with the oc-

cipito-sphenoid axis. (Booidea cerviformia.)
One family. CERVIDAE. (XXXIII.)

2. Placenta diffuse. Stomach tripartite, the psalterium being unde-
veloped. Incisorial series of lower jaw interrupted at symphysis, (the
middle incisors very enlarged and expanded towards their crowns.)

(Pecora unguligrada traguloidea. )
One family. TRAGULIDAE. (XXXIV.)

3. Familiae incertae sedis.

a. Skull broad behind, in front of the molars contracted forwards,
with the facial portion produced downwards and abbreviated, and
with the nasal bones abbreviated and longitudinally arched.
Molars (M 3, PM 3,) broad; inner crescentic plates of enamel run-

ning zig-zag-wise in large sinuous flexures. Horns in two pairs.
SIVATHERIIDAE. (XXXV.)

b. Skull with the parietals and supraoccipital extended far back-
wards, and contracted forwards in front of the molars, with the
facial portion normally produced. Molars (M 3, PM 3,) broad;
inner crescentic plates of enamel describing a simple curve. Horns

none, (in both sexes ?)
HELLADOTHERIIDAE. (XXXVI.)

C. Hind limbs with the proximal joint (femur) not exserted, but inclosed
within the common integument (/nferential). Canines of lower jaw
similar to and parallel with the incisors. Incisors all (I 3-3) persistent
in upper jaw. (M 3, PM 4,C +1,13x2=—44.) Placenta diffuse ([nferen-
tial). Stomach tripartite, the psalterium being undeveloped (/nferen-
gtal). (Pecora dentata.

1. Teeth of both jaws in an interrupted series, the canines of the upper
jaw being enlarged, and the first premolar of the lower caniniform, and

received in diastemas of the opposite jaw. (Oreodontoidea.)
OREODONTIDAE. (XXXVII.)

2. Teeth of both jaws in a nearly or quite uninterrupted series, the
canines and first premolars of neither jaws projecting. (Anoplothero-
idea.)

a. Body somewhat cerviform, with the hind limbs little longer than
the fore, (having the relative length normal to walking quadru-

peds.) Teeth comparatively uniform.
ANOPLOTHERIIDAE. (XXXVIII)

74

b. Body somewhat leporiform, with the hind limbs much longer than
the fore, (as in the Leporids.) Teeth comparatively differentiated.

DICHOBUNIDAE. (XXXIX.)

Il. Molars (M) attypically tuberculiferous. Canines of lower jaw enlarged
and often developed as tusks, entirely differentiated and distant from
incisors. Palatine bones scarcely contracted behind, thick, and (at the
walls of the posterior nares) articulated with the terminal portion of the
supramaxillary bones. Digestive system not adapted for rumination:
stomach imperfectly septate.—Axis with the odontoid process conical.
(Flower. )—( Omnivora.)

A. Body massive, with the feet phalangigrade, and their external (2, 5)
toes well developed and produced as far as or beyond the first phalanges
of the middle (83—4) toes; the last phalanges wide and with convex
margins: manus with unciform bone much broader than high, and with
second phalanx wedged between trapezoid and magnum; pes with
cuboid broader than high. Lower jaw with a deep preangular expansion
directed forwards. (Snout rounded and with the nostrils open upwards
and sideways. Mammae two, inguinal.) Obesa.

Molars of upper jaw with a bow-shaped (convex extrorsely) longitudinal
and a straight transverse valley dividing four tubercles, all of which are
convex introrsely (towards the palate) and concave externally, (thus
simulating the teeth of ruminants.) Molars of lower jaw narrower than
those of upper, and with the longitudinal valley very narrow: (last
molar with a supplementary posterior lobe.) Canines comparatively
small and cylindro-conic. (Jerycopotamoidea. )

-o

MERYCOPOTAMIDAE.

! Molars (M) of upper jaw with nearly straight or irregularly sinuous
longitudinal and transverse valleys dividing four tubercles, of which
the external two are convex extrorsely and the inner two convex in-
trorsely (towards the palate.) Molars of lower jaw resembling those
of upper, (the last molar with a supplementary posterior lobe.)
Canines very large and furrowed along their posterior surface. (/ip-

popotamoidea. )
HIPPOPOTAMIDAE.

B. Body suiform; with the feet unguligrade, and their external toes re-
duced in size and not produced or assisting in progression; the last
phalanges elongated and trihedral: manus with the unciform little or
no broader than deep, and with the second phalanx not wedged be-
tween the trapezoid and magnum; pes with cuboid deeper than broad
and emarginated behind. Lower jaw with no preangular expansion.
(Snout disciform and with the nostrils in it and open forwards. Mam-
mae in increased number (4 to 10), ventral as well as inguinal.) Seti-
Sera.

1. True molars of upper jaw with oblong crowns with four or more
principal sub-conical lobes and accessory smaller ones.

(XL.)

(KLI.)

75

a. Occipital bone with long deflected styliform paroccipital processes
in front of the occipital condyles, and emitting transverse internal
ridges in which are the condyloid foramina. Squamosal!s with
their articular processes projecting directly outwards from their
bases (and thus aloof from the auditory bullae), and with the
zygomatic processes overlying the malar bones. Pterygoid bones
twisted and reflected outwards: the crest continued upwards and
backwards into the temporal region. Articular surface for lower
jaw transversely concave, antero-posteriorly convex, and with no
post-glenoid process. Lower jaw with triangular condyles. Canine
teeth of upper jaw (in males) more or less twisted outwards and
upwards and parallel with the lower. Back with no dorsal scent
gland. (Setifera suiformia.)

i. Skull with the palato-maxillary axis extremely deflected and
forming a high angle with the occipito-sphenoidal axis. Basi-
sphenoid reflected (with a crest uniting with the presphenoid),
and forming two deep pocket-like cavities. Orbits directed up-
wards and backwards. Malar bones very deep, and with a short
inferior process. Dental series aberrant (molars reduced (in old)
to true (M 1—3) or even last true molar): last or third true molar
elongated and composed of three longitudinal rows of columnar
tubercles presenting, when worn, simple oval insular areas. (In-
cisors, in adults, reduced to 2 (or none) in upper, and sometimes

none in lower jaw.)
PHACOCHOERIDAE. (XLII.)

ute

ii. Skull with the palato-maxillary axis little deflected, and nearly
parallel with the occipito-sphenoidal axis. Basisphenoid normal,
and with no bursiform cavities. Orbits directed outwards and
forwards. Malar bones elongated and with a long inferior pro-
cess. Dental series normal (M?xX2,PM4X%2,C1x2,13%2=44):
molars with corrugated cusps presenting, when worn, deeply

sinuated insular areas.
SUIDAE. (XLIII.)

b. Occipital bone with short backward-directed paroccipital processes
originating sideways from the occipital condyles, and emitting a
transverse internal ridge continuous with the anterior margin of the
bone, behind which are the condyloid foramina. Squamosals with
their articular processes deflected from their bases and bounding
the outside of the auditory bullae, and with the zygomatic processes
articulating obliquely with the malar bones. Pterygoid bones
simply curved outwards: the crest with a crest-like anterior
process of the squamosal in front of the auditory bullae. Glenoid
fossa curved and transversely concave, antero-posteriorly concave
and with a distinct post-glenoid process. Lower jaw with trans-
verse condyles. Canine teeth of upper jaw simply decurved, very
acute and trenchant behind. Back with a posterior dorsal scent
gland. (Setifera dicotyliformia.)

One family. DICOTYLIDAE. (XLIV.)

76

2. True molars of upper jaw with quadrate crowns, with four principal
pyramidal and more or less distinctly trihedral lobes, divided by deep
valleys, not filled up by cement, but, in some genera, interrupted with
minor tubercles and ridges. (Owen.) Orbits, attypically, with a
continuous margin behind. Lower jaw, attypically, with a tubercle

projecting outwards. (Anthracotheroidea.)
ANTHRACOTHERIIDAE.

ARTIODACTYLI? INCERTAE SEDIS.
SUPER-FAMILY CHALICOTHEROIDEA.
XXVIIIa. CHALICOTHERIIDAE.

Chalicotherium Kaup., Falc.

PECORA.
SUPER-FAMILY CAMELOIDEA.
XXVIII. CAMELIDAE.

Genera.

Camelus Linn.

Auchenia Ill.
Extinct Camelidae.

Merycotherium Bojanus.
Poebrotherium Leidy.
Procamelus Leidy.
Megalomeryx Leidy.
Homocamelus Leidy.
Protomeryx Leidy.
Merycodus Leidy.
Camelops Leidy.
Palauchenia Owen.

SUPER-FAMILY GIRAFFOIDEA.
XXIX. GIRAFFIDAE.
Single genus.

Giraffa Storr ex. Briss. =Camelopardalis Cuv.

SUPER-FAMILY BOOIDEA.
XXX. SAIGIIDAE.

Genus.
Saiga Gray.
XXXI. BOVIDIAE.
SUB-FAMILIES,

(Fide auct. plur.)

I, Form massive, with the head declined; with the neck abbreviated, the
third and succeeding vertebrae being much shortened. Legs stout, and

(XLV.)

(a:

with the metacarpals and metatarsals little or no longer than the phalanges
with hoofs.

A. Molars comparatively broad, without supplemental lobes. The basi-
occipital bone with its tubercles well developed, and a deep groove

between them. (Turner.)
BOVINAE. (A.)

B. Molars comparatively narrow, with supplemental lobes. The basioc-
cipital bone broad and flat, with a ridge and a fossa on each side.

(Turner. )
OVIBOVINAE. (B.)

II. Form slender, with the head more or less uplifted; with the neck com-
paratively lengthened, the third and succeeding vertebrae being not much
shorter than thick. Legs slender, and with the metacarpals and metatar-
sals much longer than the phalanges with hoofs.

1. Horns diversiform (definable by no common characters), conical,
cylindrical, or compressed; or, sub-angular, with a sub-spiral ridge

originating at the base anteriorly; or, variously contorted.
ANTILOPINAE. (C.)

2. Horns curved backwards, sub-angular, with a rectilinear ridge an-

teriorly continuous around the convex curve.
CAPRINAE. (D.)

3. Horns curved outwards and forwards or sub-spiral, sub-angular,

with a rectilinear ridge continuous around the convex curve.
OVINAE. (H.)

A. BOVINAE.

Bos Linn.
Bibos Hodgson.
Bibos sensu strict. Probos Hodgson.
Bubalus H. Smith-
Bubalus sensu strict. Syncerus Hodgson,
Hemibos Fale. (£xtinct.) Amphibos Fale. (£xtinct.)

Anoa Leach.
Poéphagus Gray.
Bison H. Smith=Bonasus Wagn.

B. OVIBOVINAE,

Ovibos Blainv.
Ovibos sensu strict. Bootherium Leidy. ( Extinct.)

C, ANTILOPINAE.
ie
(Strepsiceros Turner.)
Strepsiceros H. Smith.

Oreas Desm.
Tragelaphus Blainv.

78

§. 2.
(Gazella Turner. )
Pantholops Wodgson, Gray, Gerv.
Procapra Hodgson.
Gazella Blainv.
Tragops Hodgson.
Antidorcas Sund.
(Antilope Turner.)
E/pyceros Sund.
( Cervicapra Turner. )
Antilope Blainv.
( Tetraceros Turner. )
Tetraceros Leach.
( Oreotragus Turner.)
Calotragus Sund.
Scopophorus Gray.
Oreotragus Gray.
(Neotragus Turner.)
Nesotragus Von Duben.
( Cephalophus Turner.)
Cephalophus H. Smith.
(Eleotragus Turner.)
Nanotragus Sund.
Pelia Gray.
Eleotragus Gray.

Adenota Gray.
Kobus H. Smith.

§. 3.
( Catoblepas Turner.)

Connochetes Licht.
Connochetes Gray. Gorgon Gray.

(Alcelaphus Turner.)
Alcelaphus Blainv.
Damalis H. Smith= Gazel.a §. Gerv.
§. 4.

(Nemorhaedus Turner.)
Capricornis Ogilby.
Nemorhaedus H. Smith.

(Budorcas Turner.)
Budorcas Hodgson.

§. 5.
(Apolceros Turner.)
Mazama Raf., Gray=Aploceros H. Smith=Antilocapra Gerv.
(Rupicapra Turner.)
Rupicapra Blainy., Gray=Capella K. and B.

To

§. 6.

Aegoceros H. Smith, Turner=Hippotragus Sund.
Oryx Blainv., Turner.
Addaz Gray, Turner.
g. a.
(Portar Turner. )
Portax H. Smith.

D, CAPRINAE,

Lemitragus Gray.
Hemitragus Gray.
Kemas Ogilby, Gray, Gerv.
Cupra Linn.
Aegoceros (Pall., Gray (p. 147, not p. 142).
Ibex (Pall.), Gerv.=Capra Gray.
Capra (Linn.), Gerv.=Hircus Gray.

E, OVINAE,

Ovis Linn.

Ovis sensu strict.

Caprovis Hodgson== Musimon Gray, Gerv.
Pseudovis Hodgson.
Ammotragus Blyth.

Extinct genera.

(Antilopinae. )

Palaeotragus Gaudry.
Palaeoryx Gaudry.
Tragoceros Gaudry.
Palaeoreas Gaudry.
Aniidorcas Gaudry.

( Bovidae? incertae sedis.)
Leptotherium Lund.
Cosoryx Leidy.

XXXII. ANTILOCAPRIDAE.
Genus.

Antilocapra Ord=Dicranoceros H. Smith.

XXXITI, CERVIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.

I. Horns developed.

A. Canine teeth small or none.
CERVINAE. (A.)

B. Canine tooth of male enlarged and tusk-like.
CERVULINAE. (B)
II. Horns not developed.

A. Canine teeth of male enlarged and tusk-like.
MOSCHINAE. (C.)

80

A. CERVINAE.
(Genera fide Sclater.)

Bs a.
Alces H. Smith.
§. 2.
Rangifer H. Smith= Tarandus Ogilby.
§. 3.
Dama H. Smith.
Cervus Linn., Sclater.
Cervus sensu strict. Sika Hodgson.
Elaphurus A. M. Edw. Rucervus Hodgson=Panolia
Rusa Hodgson. Hyelaphus Sund. [Gray.
Axis Hodgson. Cariacus Gray.
Blastoceros Sund. Furcifer Sund.
Coassus Gray. Pudu Gray.

Capreolus Gray.

B. CERVULINAE.
Cervulus Blainv.=Muntjacus Gray=Stylocerus H. Smith=Prox Ogilby.

C. MOSCHINAE.
Moschus Linn.
Hydropotes Swinhoe.

Extinct.
( Cervinae.)
Megaceros Owen.

(Cervidae? related to Moschinae?)
Dremotherium E. Geoff.
Amphitragulus Pomel=Tragulotherium Croizet.
Dorcatherium Kaup.
Leptomeryx Leidy.

SUPER-FAMILY TRAGULOIDEA.
XXXIV. TRAGULIDAE.

Genera.
Sik.
Tragulus Briss.
Tragulus sensu strict. Meminna Gray.
g. 2:

Hyomoschus Gray.

SUPER-FAMILY? SIVATHEROIDEA.
XXXV. SIVATHERIIDAE.

Extinct.

Sivatherium Talc. and Cautl.

81

Incerie sedis.

Bramatherium Fale. and Cautl.

SUPER-FAMILY? HELLADOTHEROIDEA.
XXXVI. HELLADOTHERIIDAE.
Extinct.

Heiladotherium Gaudry.

SUPER-FAMILY OREODONTOIDEA.
XXXVII. OREODONTIDAE.

Extinct.

A. Orbit complete behind. Lachrymal bone impressed by a well-marked

fossa. (Leidy.)
( S OREODONTINAE. (A.)

B Orbit incomplete behind. Lachrymal bone with no fossa. (Leidy.)
AGRIOCHOERIDAE. (B.)
A. OREODONTINAE.

Oreodon Leidy=Merycoidodon Leidy=Cotylops Leidy. (Fide Leidy.)
Merycochoerus Leidy.

Merychyus Leidy.

Leptauchenia Leidy.

B. AGRIOCHOERIDAE.

Agriochoerus Leidy.= ? Eucrotaphus Leidy.

SUPER-FAMILY ANOPLOTHERIOIDEA.
AXXVITI. ANOPLOTHERIIDAE.

Extinct.

Anoplotherium Cuv.
Eurytherium Gervais.

XXXIX. DICHOBUNIDAE.
Extinct.
( Genera fide Turner. )

Caenotherium Bravard=Oplotherium Laiz. and de Par.
Dichodon Owen.
Dichobune Cuv.

Aiphodon Cuv.
Anoplotheroidea? incerte sedis,

Tapinodon v. Meyer, 1846.
Choereomeryx Pomel, 1848.
Aphelotherium Gervais.

February, 1872.

§2

Cebochoerus Gervais.

Zooligus Aymard.

Diplocus Aymard.

iTyaegulus Pomel.

Microtherium vy. Meyer=Amphimeryx Pomel.
Adapis Cuv.

Homaladotherium Huxl.

OMNIVORA.
SUPER-FAMILY MERYCOPOTAMOIDEA.

XL, MERYCOPOTAMIDAE.
Extinct.
Merycopotamus Fale. and Cautl.

SUPER-FAMILY HIPPOPOTAMOIDEA.
XLI. HIPPOPOTAMIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES,

A. Skull depressed between the orbits and with the frontal sinus ob-
solete; the orbits prominent above the level of the forehead, and closed

behind. ‘
HIPPOPOTAMINAE. (A,)

B. Skull convex between the orbits and with the frontal sinus well
developed; the orbits depressed below the level of the forehead and

incomplete behind.
CHOEROPSINAZ. (B.)

A. HIPPOPOTAMINAE.

Hippopotamus Linn.=Tetraprotodon Fale. and Cautl.

B. CHOEROPSINAE,
Choeropsis Leidy.
Extinct.

(Tippopotaminae.)
Hexaprotodon Fale. and Cautl.

SUPER-FAMILY SETIFERA.
XLII. PHACOCHOERIDAE,

Genus.

Phacochoerus F. Cuv.—Eureodon G. Fisch.
Extinct genus referred (erroneously?) to Phacochoeridae.

Calydonius v. Meyer.

XLIII. SUIDAE.

Svat
Babirussa F. Cuy.=Porcus Wagler.

83

g. 2.
Potamochoerus Gray= Choiropotamus Gray.
Sus Linn.
Sus Gray. Scrofa Gray.

Centuriosus Gray=Gyrosus Gray==Ptychochoerus Fitz.
Porcula Hodgson.

Extinct genus incerte sedis.

Hippohyus Fale. and Cautl.

XLIV. DICOTYLIDAE.

Genera.

Dicotyles Cuv.
Notophorus Gray-

Extinct.

Platygonus Lec., Leidy.=Hyops Lec.=Protochoerus Lec.=Euchoerus Leidy.

Leidy. )

SUPER-FAMILY ANTHRACOTHEROIDEA.
XLV. ANTHRACOTHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
SUB-FAMILIES,
A. Premolars of upper jaw in part (PM 4) resembling the true molars,
and with tubercles in transverse series (+ | ==) separated by transverse

vallies; the preceding (PM 3, 2,1) successively more and more differ-

entiated forwards.

(Fide

HYOPOTAMINAE, (A.)

B. Premolars (PM 4, 3, 2, 1) of upper jaw all differentiated from the true
molars, and each with a conical crown and a small inner lobe.

ANTHRACOTHERIINAE. (B.)

A, HYOPOTAMINAE.
Hyopotamus Owen.
Bothryodon Aymard=Ancodus Pomel. -

B. ANTHRACOTHERIINAE.
Anthracotherium Cuv.
Elotherium Pomel.

EXTINCT OMNIVORA? INCERTZ SEDIS.
Choeropotamus Cuv.

Palaeochoerus Pomel= Cyclognathus Croizet = Brachyynathus Pomel == Synaphodus

Pomel.
Choeromorus Lartet.
Entelodon Aymard.
Heterohyus Gervais.
Acotherulum Gervais.
Choerotherium Fale.==Tetraconodon Fale.

84

Titanotherium Leidy.
Perchoerus Leidy.
Leptochoerus Leidy.
Nanohyus Leidy.

PERISSODACTYLI.
FAMILIES.

I. Incisors (4? in lower jaw) in part gliriform, the outer having persistent
pulps, and growing continuously in a circular direction. (Anchippodonto-
idea.)

ANCHIPPODONTIDAE. (XLV. a.)

II. Incisors not gliriform.

1. Middle digit and hoof hypertrophied and alone supporting the body,
the lateral (second and fourth) digits being more or less atrophied and
functionless, or (attypically) obsolete (reduced to the condition of
“splint bones’). Femur with a fossa above the external condyle.
Skull (attypically) much prolonged forwards. Molars subequal (not
decreasing forwards) and cuboid; pre-molars (PM 3-4) also enlarged
(not decreasing forwards) and (except second) cuboid; the second
(PM 2) elongated; the first milk molar (D 1) more or less persistent
and not replaced by a pre-molar (PM 1); disproportionately small.
Incisors with a deep invaginated fold of enamel penetrating the in-
terior from the crown, and producing a central cavity filled with
cementum. (Solidungula.)

A. Ulna with the shaft ‘atrophied and the extremities anchylosed and
consolidated with the radius. Fibula rudimentary and anchylosed
to the tibia. Skull with the orbit complete behind. Upper molars
(PM and M)—at least, of second set—with a deep valley re-entering
from the postrorse portion of the inner side obliquely forwards, and
(in connection with a more or less deep valley re-entering from the
introrse portion of the anterior border or the angle) more or less
isolating an introrse enamel lobe or area, and with two (anterior and
posterior) crescentic enamel islands. Lower molars (PM 2, M 2)
with a valley re-entering inwards from the outer wall, one from the
introrse portion of the anterior wall, and another (terminating in
anterior and posterior branches) from the posterior portion of the

inner wall.
EQUIDAE.

B. Ulna with the shaft complete and moderately developed, and more
or less differentiated from the radius. Fibula archetypically com-
plete but archylosed withthe tibia. Skull with the orbit incomplete
behind. Upper molars (PM.3-4 and M) with a deep (anterior) val-
ley re-entering from the middle of inner side inwards and forwards

(XLVI.)

85

and ending in lateral branches, and with a (posterior) valley re-
entering from the posterior wall. Lower molars with a V-shaped
valley re-entering from the outer wall, and two V-shaped vallies,
re-entering from the inner wali (the crowns having W-shaped

ridges) -
ANCHITHERIIDAE. (XLVII.)

2. Middle digit and hoof not hypertrophied, and only in connection with
the lateral supporting the body, the lateral being well developed and
efficient. Femur without a fossa above the external condyle. Skull
moderately prolonged forwards. Molars unequal (the first smaller
than the second), diversiform; pre-molars decreasing in size forwards ;
first milk molar not persistent, but (generally) replaced by a pre-
molar (PM 1) of moderate size. Incisors without an invaginated fold
of enamel penetrating the interior.

A. Nasal region expanded or thrown backwards, the supramaxillary
bones forming a more or less considerable portion of the border of
the nasal aperture; the nasal bones contracted forwards, or atro-
phied. Molars with crowns traversed by more or less well-defined
continuous ridges.

a. Upper molars with a continuous outer wall and without com-
plete transverse crests. (hinocerotoidea.)

aa. Neck abbreviated. Incisor teeth (attypically) reduced in
number or entirely suppressed. (hinocerotoidea rhinoceroti-

formia.)

* Skull with the basioccipital comparatively well developed
behind and narrowed forwards; (with tympanic and periotic
bones anchylosed and wedged in between the squamosal, ex-
occipital and other adjacent cranial bones.—Huxley;) with
the nasal bones produced forwards and more or less arched,
and meeting an upward developed expansion of the supra-
maxillary bones. Upper molars with a deep valley extending
obliquely inwards from the median portion of the inner wall
and (PM 4, M 1-2) a shallow one extending from the posterior
wall. Lower molars (PM 2, M3) with two curved transverse

crests.
RHINOCEROTIDAE. (XLVIII.) —

bb. Neck more or less elongated. Incisor teeth developed in
normal number (°). (Rhinocerotoidea macraucheniformia. )

* Skull with the basioccipital widened forwards: with the nasal
bones extremely reduced and above or behind the orbits: the
supramaxillary bones rectilinear above, arched and approxi-
mating each other in front of the nasal aperture but separated
by the extension upward of the vomer? Dental series almost

86

continuous: upper posterior molars (M 2, 3) eacu with a shal-
low valley extending inwards from the anterior portion of the
inner wall, and with two or three deep depressions in the
inner half: lower molars (PM 3, M 3) with two (anterior
and posterior) more or less defined crescent-shaped ridges:
canines siall.

MACRAUCHENIIDAE. XLIX.)

** Skull with the basioccipital comparatively narrow forwards:
with the nasal bones produced forwards and terminating in
a free narrowed surface; the supra-maxillary bones with an
upward developed expansion (connected with the nasal
bones) and widely separated above in front. Dental series
interrupted by wide diastemas: upper molars (PM 2, M 1, 2,
3) each with a deep valley extending obliquely inwards from
the median portion of the inner wall and a shallow one ex-
tending from the angle or posterior wall: lower molars (PM
2, M 2) with two (anterior and posterior) crescent-shaped
ridges: canines well developed.

PALAEOTHERIIDAE. (1)

b. Upper (as well as lower) true molars without a continuous outer
wall, but (M 2-3, at least,) each with two complete transverse
crests. (Lophiodontoidea.)

1. True molars as well as pre-molars in part (PM 2, 3, 4) nearly
similar, squarish, and each with the anterior crest marginal, but
with an anterior cingulum terminating in a cusp at the antero-
outer angle of the tooth; hindmost molar (M 3) with no posterior
lobe. Anterior feet with four toes; posterior with three, (in

known types). TAPIRIDAE

2. True molars and pre-molars differentiated from each other; the
former oblong, with the anterior crest remote from the anterior
margin and continuous with a small crest recurrent from the
outer wall: hindmost molar with a posterior lobe; (pre-molars
not bilophodont but with a lobe extending inwards from the
inner wall). Anterior feet with four (?) toes; posterior with

three (?).
LOPHIODONTIDAE.

B. Nasal region compressed and extended forwards, the supramaxil-
lary bones excluded from the nasal aperture; the nasal bones
elongated and extending far forwards, and articulated with the in-
termaxillary bones. Molars (M 1], 2, 3) of upper jaw each with two
transverse rows of tubercles (3/3) separated by a transverse valley
and with a cingulum anteriorly and internally: (lower molars dis-

similar). (Pliolophoidea.)
PLIOLOPHIDAE.

(LI.)

(LIL)

(LITI.)

, 87

Perissodactyli? incertae sedis.

Molar teeth of lower jaw with a crenulated longitudinal ridge. Canines and
incisors wanting.

SUPER-FAMILY ANCHIPPODONTOIDEA.
XLV a. ANCHIPPODONTIDAE.
Extinct.
Anchippodus Leidy=Trogosus Leidy.
SUPER-FAMILY SOLIDUNGULA.
XLVI. EQUIDAE.

Genera.
Equus Linn.
Asinus Gray.
Asinus sensu strict. Hippotigris H. Smith.
Extinct.

Hipparion Christol=Hippotherium Kaup.
Merychippus Leidy.
Protophippus Leidy=Hippidion Owen 1870.

XLVII. ANCHITHERIIDAE.
Extinct.
Genera fide Leidy.

Anchitherium v. Meyer=Hipparitherium Christol.
Hypohippus Leidy, 1858.

Parahippus Leidy, 1858.

Anchippus Leidy, 1868.

SUPER-FAMILY RHINOCEROTOIDEA.
XLVIII. RHINCCEROTIDAE.

Genera.
Rhinasier Gray.
ithinaster sensu strict. Ceratotherium Gray.
Rhinoceros Linn.
Rhinoceros sensu strict. Ceratorhinus Gray.
Extinct.
CELE
Coelodonta Bronn.
§. 2.

Acerothirium Kaup.
Badactherium Croizet.
Hyracodon Leidy.

ELASMOTHERIIDAE,

(LIV.)

88

XLIX. MACRAUCHENIIDAE.
Extinct.

Macrauchenia Owen=Opisthorhinus Bravard.

L. PALAEOTHERIIDAE.

Extinct.
Palaeotherium Cuv.
Monacrum Aymard.
Propalaeotherium Gervais, 1849.
Paloplotherium Owen=Plagiolophus Pomel.

SUPER-FAMILY LOPHIODONTOIDEA.
LI. TAPIRIDAE.

Genera.
Bee.
Elasmognathus Gill.
§. 2.
Tapirus Linn.
Rhinochoerus Gray.
LII. LOPHIODONTIDAE.
Extinet.
Genera fide Bronn.

Lophiodon Cuv.=Tapirotherium Blainv. 1817 (not 1846).

Tapiroporcus Jager, 1835.

Coryphodon Owen, 1846.

Listriodon v. Meyer, 1846= Tapirotherium Lartet

Pachynolophus Pomel, 1847=Hyracotherium Blainv. 1844 (not Owen, 1840).
Lophiotherium Gervais, 1849.

Tapirulus Gervais, 1850.

Anchilophus Gervais, 1852.

SUPER-FAMILY PLIOLOPHOIDEA.

LITI. PLIOLOPHIDAE.

Extinct
Pliolophus Owen.

PERISSODACTYLI INCERTAE SEDIS.

LIV. ELASMOTHERIIDAE.
Extinct. »
Elasmotherium Fischer =? Stereoceros Duvernoy.
UNGULATA? INCERTAE SEDIS.

Hyracotherium Owen.
Stereognathus Owen.

89

IV. TOXODONTIA.
FAMILIES.

I. Teeth 44 (M 3, PM 4, C 7, 1 3X2); molars of upper jaw mostly (PM 3-4,
M 1) oblong, moderately narrowed backwards, with two folds (the ante-
rior of which is divided) re-entering from the inner side. Incisors three
on each side, with simple fangs; the first largest, compressed, widely
separated from its homologue; the second smaller, trihedral; the third
lateral and behind the second, and rudimentary: molars of lower jaw
comparatively broad and complex: canines moderate; incisors implanted

in a curved row.
NESODONTIDAE. (LV.)

Il. Teeth 36 (M 3, PM 4, C 2°, I 2x2); molars with enamel coat interrupted
at the anterior and posterior margins; those of upper jaw mostly (PM 3, 4,
M 1-3) obliquely triangular, rapidly narrowed backwards, with a single
simple fold re-entering obliquely forwards from the inner side. Incisors
of upper jaw two ou each side, but with incisorial crowns, the outer with
roots of nearly uniform diameter throughout, and describing the segment
of a circle, (like those of rodents,) and with persistent pulp—(Owen):
molars of lower jaw narrowed, especially the posterior portions ; canines
rudimentary ; incisors in a nearly straight line.

TOXODONTIDAE. (LVI.)

LV. NESODONTIDAE.
Extinct.

Nesodon Owen.

LVI. TOXODONTIDAE.

Extinct.

Toxodon Owen

V. HYRACOIDEA.
FAMILY.
LVII, HYRACIDAE.

Genera.

Hyrax Linn.
Hyrax Gray. Euhyrax Gray.
Dendrohyrax Gray.

IV. PROBOSCIDEA.
FAMILIES.

I. Incisors of upper jaw (1+1) everted, enormously developed and modified
as cylindro-conic tusks, with roots extending backwards and converging,

90

and thus producing a high pre-narial rampart: incisors of lower jaw com-
paratively small and directed forwards, or entirely absent. Molars suc-
cessively displacing each other from behind forwards (and therefore no
pre-molars replacing the deciduous ones), and not more than two (or one)
fully developed at the same time. Skull abbreviated and enlarged
obliquely, convex backwards and outwards, and with the occipital con-

dyles declined.
ELEPHANTIDAE. (LVIII.)

II. Incisors of upper jaw atrophied or absent, (and consequently an uninter-
rupted oval depression occupying the naso-maxillary region): incisors of
lower jaw (1+1) enlarged, and developed as tusks decurved downwards
and backwards, and involving the symphysial portion of the jaw. Molars
vertically developed (with pre-molars replacing the deciduous molars),
and in considerable number (PM 2, M 3X2) at the same time. Skull
moderately long, and with the occipital condyles inclined upwards.

DINOTHERIIDAE. (LIX.)

LVITI. ELEPHANTIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.

I. Intermediate molars (D 4, M 1, 2) with an ‘‘isomerous” ridge formula
(i. e. with the ridges equal in number in the successive teeth—three to
five): the ridges attypically continuous: the valleys with a thick deposit
of cementum.
ELEPHANTINAE, (A)

II. Intermediate molars (D 4, M 1, 2) with a “hypisomerous” or “aniso-
merous” ridge formula (2. e. with the ridges increasing in number by one
(‘‘hypisomerous’’) or more (‘‘anisomerous”’) in the successive teeth (e. g.

D4) Mae 2? to D 447m. Meera M22") the ridges with more or
less mammilliform tubercles: the valleys with litile or no cementum.
MASTODONTINAE. (B.)
A, ELEPHANTINAE,

Elephas Linn=Elasmodon Fale.=LEuelephas Fale.
Loxodonta F. Cuv.=Loxodon Fale.

Extinet genus.
Stegodon Fale.
B, MASTODONTINAE,
Extinct.

Pentalophodon Fale.
Mastodon Cuv.=Tetralophodon Fale.
Tetracaulodon Godman=Trilophodon Fale.

LIX. DINOTHERIIDAE.

Extinct.

Dinotherium Kaup.

91

VIL SIRENIA.
FAMILIES.

I. Tail entire, rounded, and with the vertebrae towards last (z.e. 542);
sub-cylindrical and destitute of transverse processes. Intermaxillary
bones with the branches little prolonged backwards and with the anterior

portion nearly or quite straight. (Trichechoidea.)
TRICHECHIDAE. (LX.)

II. Tail forked, and with the vertebrae (except the terminal) depressed and
provided with transverse processes. Intermaxillary bones (attypically)
with the branches prolonged backwards and with the anterior portion more:
or less deflected. (Halicoroidea.)

A. Teeth present, and in part at least functionally developed in the adult:
molars ? to §X2 in number, but rarely present in full complement, the
anterior being gradually cast; incisors in the upper jaw two (more or less
prominent) atleast inthe male. Teeth of the complete series—at. least
of Trichechidae—M 27%, C 9,1 22; the upper incisors only persistent,
the others as well as the canines being reabsorbed; molars successively
increasing in size backwards.

1. Molars mostly with two or three roots each (generally three-rooted
above and two-rooted below); and with crowns furnished with obtuse
tubercles arranged in transverse yoke-like eminences, and in the
posterior ones with an additional narrower tuberculated yoke behind

the principal ones. (Srandt.)
HALITHERIIDAE. (LXI.)

2. Molars with simple hollow roots (not separated from the crowns);
with crowns furnished with little prominent tubercles, few in number
(in the anterior teeth simple or double, in the rest three or four) not
forming yoke-like eminences, and early worn away and disappearing.

HALICORIDAE. (LXII.)

B. Teeth absent. (Intermaxillary lines with the apical portion produced
and simulating incisorial teeth. Manducation is only effected by a
very large palatine cornecus plate, and by another opposed to it and
covering the very large and elongated symphysis of the lower jaw.—
Brandt.)
RHYTINIDAE, (LXIII.)

SUPER-FAMILY TRICHECOIDEA.
LX. TRICHECHIDAE.

Genus.

Trichechus Linn=Manatus Storr=Oxystomus Fischer.

92

SUPER-FAMILY HALICOROIDEA.
LXI. HALITHERIIDAE.

Extinct.
Halitherium Kaup, 1838=Halianassa v. Meyer, 1838.
Metaxytherium de Christol. Fucotherium Kaup.
Halitherium Kaup. Pontothertum Kaup.
Pugmeodon Kaup. Cheirotherium Bruno.

LAT. HALICORIDAE.

Genus.

Halicore Nliger=Dugungus Tiedm=Platystomus Fisch.

LXII. RHYTINIDAE.

Genus.
Extinct?

Rhytina Steller=Stellerus Desm.==Nepus Fisch.

SIRENIA? INCERTAE SEDIS.

Extinct.

Trachytherium Gervais.
Prorastomus Owen.
Anoplonassa Cope.
Femicaulodon Cope.
Crassithertum Van Beneden.

VIII. CETE.
SUB-ORDERS.

I. Intermaxillaries expanded forwards, normally interposed between the
maxillaries, and forming the terminal as well as anterior portion of the
lateral margin of the upper jaw. Nasal apertures produced more or less
forwards, and with the nasal bones freely projecting. Teeth of the inter-
maxillaries apparently in normal number (3+3), conic; of the maxillaries,
2- or 3-rooted.

ZEUGLODONTIA.

II. Intermaxillaries narrowed forwards, forming only the point of the upper
jaw, and underlaid by the maxillaries, which form the entire lateral alve-
olar margins of the jaw. Nasal apertures far back, near the vertex, and
with the nasal bones appressed. Teeth (when present) all single-rooted.

A. Teeth more or less persistent after birth. Upper jaw without baleen.
Supramaxillary expanded backwards over the frontal bones, but not
produced outwards in front of the orbits. Rami of lower jaw united by

98

asymphysealsuture. Olfactory organ rudimentary or absent; the nasal
bones appressed on the frontals and overlapped distally by the meseth-
moid.

DENTICETE.

B. Teeth absorbed and disappearing before birth. Upper jaw provided
with plates of baleen. Supramaxillary not expanded backwards over
the frontal bones, but produced outwards in front of the orbits. Rami
of lower jaw connected by fibrous tissue, and not by suture. Olfactory
organ distinctly developed; the nasal bones projecting forwards, and
not overlapped at their distal ends.

MYSTICETE.

ZEUGLODONTIA.
FAMILIES.

I. Parietal, frontal, and especially nasal bones elongated. Anterior nares

open forwards. (Cope.)
BASILOSAURIDAE. (LXIV.)

II. Parietal, frontal, and especially nasal bones abbreviated. Anterior nares
open far behind. (Cope.)
CYNORCIDAE. (LXV.)

LXIV. BASILOSAURIDAE.
Extinct genera.

- Basilosaurus Harl.=Zeuglodon Owen==Polyptychodon Emmons==Hydrarchos Koch.
Durodon Gibbes=Pontogenus Leidy.

LXV. CYNORCIDAE.
Extinct genera.
(Fide Copei.)
Portheodon Cope.
Squalodon Grat.=Colophonodon Leidy, Cope, 1867.
Cynorca Cope.
Delphinodon Leidy==Squalodon Cope, 1867.
Genera? incertae sedis.

Stenodon Van Ben.
Saurocetus Gibbes.

DENTICETE.
FAMILIES.

I. Rostrum of skull moderately prolonged, and terminating in a rounded or
subangulated apex.

A. Head (generally) rostrated and attenuated, or ledge-like around the
margin. Skull with the vertex produced forwards. Supraoccipital not
projecting forwards laterally above the temporal fosse. Frontals visible

94

above only as elongated hook-shaped borders produced backwards
around the maxillaries. (Delphinoidea.)

1. Lachrymal bones coalesced with the jugals.

a. Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular
articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. (Flower.)

al. Maxillary bones with crests null or little developed. Teeth in
great part with a complete cingulum, or a distinct tubercle at the
base ofthecrown. Eyemoderate. External respiratory aperture
transversely crescentiform.
INIIDAE. (LXVI.)

a2. Maxillary bones with large bony incurved crests. Teeth with-

out cingulum or tubercle. Eye rudimentary. External respira-

tory aperture longitudinal.
PLATANISTIDAE. (LXVII.)

b. Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitu-
lar articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of

the vertebre by the tubercle. (Flower.)
DELPHINIDAE. (LXVIII.)

2. Lachrymal bones distinct from the jugals.

a. Costal cartilages not ossified. The hinder ribs losing their tuber-
cular, and retaining their capitular articulation with the vertebra.
(Flower. )
ZIPHIIDAE. (LXIX.)

B. Head not rostrated or marginated; snout high towards the front
and projecting beyond the mouth. Skull raised behind and retrorsely
convex. Supraoccipital projecting forwards laterally to or beyond the
vertical of the temporal fosse. Frontals visible above as erect triangular
or retrorsely falciform wedges between the maxillaries and supraoccipital.

(Physeteroidea. )
PHYSETERIDAE, (LXX.)

II. Rostrum of skull prolonged into a slender, straight beak, the inter-
maxillary and maxillary bones forming a cylinder, bearing teeth on its

proximal portion. (Ahabdosteoidea.)
RHABDOSTEIDAE. (LXXI.)

SUPER-FAMILY DELPHINOIDEA.
LXVI. INIIDAE.

Genus.
Inia D’Orb.
Extinct Iniidae?

Tretosphys Cope.

Zarhachis Cope.

Priscodelphinus Leidy.

Ixacanthus Cope.

Lophocetus Cope.

95

LXVII. PLATANISTIDAE.

Genus.

Platanista Cuv.

LXVIII. DELPHINIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.

I. Neck evident externally, the cervical region being attenuated. Frontal
area longitudinally expanded and little depressed. Postorbital process of
frontal and zygomatic process of squamosal projecting outwards, and the
latter enlarged and directed forwards. Maxillary with a crest and free
margin over orbital region.

PONTOPORIINAE. (A.)

II. Neck not evident externally, the cervical region not being differentiated.

Frontal area abbreviated and declivous. Postorbital process of frontal
and zygomatic process of squamosal compressed, and the latter compara-
tively short and oblique. Maxillary with no supraorbital crest.

1. Digits (second and third) not segmented into more than 5-6 pha-
langes, each.

a. Cervical vertebra all distinct.
DELPHINAPTERINAE. (B.)

b. Cervical vertebre more or less (2 to 7) consolidated.
DELPHININAE. (C.)

2. Digits (second and third) segmented into numerous phalanges.
GLOBIOCEPHALINAE. (D.)

A. PONTOPORIINAE.
Pontoporia Gray=Stenodelphis Gerv.
B. DELPHINAPTERINAE,
Delphinapterus Lac., Lillj.=Beluga Gray.
Monodon Linn.
C. DELPHININAE.

Sotalia Gray.
Steno Gray.
Delphinus Linn.
Clymenia Gray.
Tursiops Gerv.=Tursio Gray.
Cephalorhynchus F. Cuv.==Eutropia Gray.
Lagenorhynchus Gray.

Electra Gray. Feresa Gray.

Lucopleurus Gray. Lagenorhynchus Gray.
Leucorhamphus Lillj.=Delphinapterus Gray (not Lac.)
Pseudorca Reinh.
Orca Gray

Orca sensu strict. Ophysia Gray.
Orcaella Gray.
Phocena Gray.

Phocena sensu strict. Acanthodelphis Gray.
Neomeris Gray.
Sagmatias Cope.

96

D. GLOBIOCEPHALINAE.
Globiocephalus Gray.
Globiocephalus sensu strict. Sphaerocephalus Gray.
Grampus Gray.

LXIX. ZIPHIIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Maxillaries with no incurved lateral crests.
ZIPHIINAE. (A.)

II. Maxillaries with greatly developed incurved crests.
ANANARCINAE, (B.

A. ZIPHIINAE.

Ziphius Cuv.==Epiodon Gray.
Epiodon Gray. Petroryhnchus Gray.
Mesoplodon Gerv. = Ziphius Gray = Heterodon Blainv. 1816 (not Beauv.
1800) = Diodon Less. = Aodon Less. = Nodus Wagl.
Ziphius Gray. Dolichodon Gray.
Neoziphius Gray. Dioplodon Gerv.
Berardius Duv.

B. ANARNACINAE,
Anarnacus Lac.—=Hyperoodon Lac.=Chenocetus Eschr.
Hyperoodon Gray. Lagenocetus Gray.

Extinct Ziphidae.

Choneziphius Duv.
Belemnoziphius Hux.
Placoziphius Van Ben.
Ziphirostrum Van Ben.
Aporotus Du Bus.
Ziphiopsis Du Bus.
Rhinostodes Du Bus.

SUPER-FAMILY PHYSETEROIDEA.

LXX. PHYSETERIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.
I. Head very large, truncated in front. Blow-hole near the edge of the
snout. Cerebral cavity declining downwards. Jugal and zygomatic pro-

cesses of squamosal connected.
PHYSETERINAE. (A)

II. Head moderate, conic in front. Blow-hole frontal. Cerebral cavity
inclining upwards. Jugal and zygomatic processes of squamosal remote.
KOGIINAE. (B.)
A. PHYSETERINAE.
Physeter Linn.=Catodon Gray+ Physeter Gray.
Physeter sensu strict. Meganeuron Gray.
B. KOGIINAE.

Kogia Gray=Euphysetes Wall.
Callignathus Gill.

97

Extinct Physeteridac?

Orycterocetus Leidy.
Ontocetus Leidy.

SUPER-FAMILY? RHABDOSTEOIDEA.
LXXI. RHABDOSTEIDAE.
Extinct genus.

Rhabdosteus Cope.

MYSTICETE.

. Skull with the maxillary region slightly arched, and with short baleen
plates. Rostrum broad at the base, gradually tapering, depressed. Front-
als with the orbital processes moderately prolonged, broad, and flat on the
upper surface. (Supramaxillary bones with the posterior margin deeply
excavated.) Tympanic bones elongated, ovoid. Lower jaw with the coro-
noid process more or less developed. Cervical vertebra in whole or in
part separated. Manus narrow, with four digits (first wanting). (Flower.)

BALAENOPTERIDAE. (LXXII.)

—

Il. Skull with the maxillary region greatly arched, and with long, narrow
baleen plates. Rostrum narrow and compressed at the base. Frontals
with the orbital processes much prolonged, and extremely narrow and
rounded on the upper surface. (Supramaxillary bones with the posterior
margins entire.) Tympanic bones broad, rhomboid. Lower jaw with the
coronoid processes scarcely perceptible. Cervical vertebre coalesced.

Manus broad, with five digits. (Flower.)
BALAENIDAE. (LXXIII.)

LXXII. BALAENOPTERIDAE.
SUB-FAMILIES.,

I. Throat not plicated. Dorsal fin null.
AGAPHELINAE. (A,)

II. Throat longitudinally plicated. Dorsal fin developed.

A. Frontal with the orbital processes much narrowed externally. (Flower.)
Manus very long, with the four digits segmented into many phalanges.

Dorsal fin hump-like.
MEGAPTERINAE, (B.)

B. Frontal processes with the orbital processes nearly as broad at the
outer extremity as the base, or somewhat narrowed. (Flower.) Manus
moderate, with the four digits having each not more than six phalanges.
Dorsal fin high, erect, falcate or subfalcate.
BALAENOPTERINAE, (0.)
A. AGAPHELINAE.

Agaphelus Cope.

Rhachianectes Cope.
February, 1872.

98

B. MEGAPTERINAE.
Megapatera Gray.
Poescopia Gray.
Eschrichtius Gray.
Cc. BALAENOPTERINAE.
pawl:
Physalus Gray.
Benedenia Gray. Physalus Gray.
Cuvierius Gray.
Sibbaldius Gray, 1866=Flowerius Lillj. 1867.
Rudolphius Gray (s. g.), 1866==Sibbaldius Lillj. 1867.
§. 2.
Balaenoptera Lac.
Balaenoptera sensu strict. Swinhoia Gray.

Extinct genera incertae sedis.

Cetotherium Brandt.
Plesiocetus Van Ben and Gerv.

LXXIII. BALAENIDAE.
Genera.
(Fide Gray.)

Balaena Linn.

Neobalaena Gray.

Eubalaena Gray.

Hunterius Gray.

Caperea Gray.

Macleayius Gray.

Extinct Balaenidae ?

Palaeocetus Seeley.

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